tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13717516073518674672024-02-20T13:24:24.634-06:00Specified Risk Material SRM specified risk materials SRM, are the most highly infectious organs of an animal for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease..Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-18955306671505823242023-05-22T15:43:00.006-05:002023-05-23T17:04:11.051-05:00BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES?<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES?</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">1st a bit of history </div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCIENCE NEWS JULY 13, 2004 / 5:02 PM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA advised against mad cow test in 2002</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By STEVE MITCHELL, United Press International</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Why are we using Bio-Rad instead of Prionics if they are as bad as the (USDA) would have us believe with all these 'inconclusives?'" asked Terry Singletary, coordinator of CJD Watch, an advocacy group for patients and family members. His mother died of a rare form of CJD called Heidenhain Variant, which has not been linked with mad cow disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/07/13/USDA-advised-against-mad-cow-test-in-2002/32331089752576/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/07/13/USDA-advised-against-mad-cow-test-in-2002/32331089752576/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCIENCE NEWS MAY 11, 2004 / 10:15 PM<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA orders silence on mad cow in Texas</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By STEVE MITCHELL, United Press International</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/05/11/USDA-orders-silence-on-mad-cow-in-Texas/49171084328148/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/05/11/USDA-orders-silence-on-mad-cow-in-Texas/49171084328148/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">and</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060210024116/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060210024116/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Consumer Health</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Inspector to file charges against USDA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">By Steve Mitchell Sep 6, 2005, 22:46 GMT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050912185453/http://washingtontimes.com/upi/20050906-050340-6793r.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050912185453/http://washingtontimes.com/upi/20050906-050340-6793r.htm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PAST US MAD COW CASES AND TRACEABILITY PROBLEMS, WHAT'S IT GOING TO TAKE?</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"> AUG. 11, 2017</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">By Steve Mitchell</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">United Press International</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims ittested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/06/08/USDA-did-not-test-possible-mad-cows/38651086744622/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/06/08/USDA-did-not-test-possible-mad-cows/38651086744622/</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Archived url link;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A big shout out to <a href="https://web.archive.org/">https://web.archive.org/</a> Thank You!</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS MAD COW</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071103144308/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml">http://web.archive.org/web/20071103144308/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060315165436/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NOT to forget ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">It should be noted that since the enhanced surveillance program began, USDA has also conducted approximately 9,200 routine IHC tests on samples that did not first undergo rapid testing. This was done to ensure that samples inappropriate for the rapid screen test were still tested, and also to monitor and improve upon IHC testing protocols. Of those 9,200 routine tests, one test returned a non-definitive result on July 27, 2005. That sample underwent additional testing at NVSL, as well as at the Veterinary Laboratories Agency in Weybridge, England, and results were negative. ......</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse_testing/test_results.html</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.fsc.go.jp/fsciis/attachedFile/download?retrievalId=kai20050824pr1&fileId=142">https://www.fsc.go.jp/fsciis/attachedFile/download?retrievalId=kai20050824pr1&fileId=142</a><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">r i g h t ............</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">By Steve Mitchell</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">United Press International</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Published 2/9/2004 7:06 PM</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WASHINGTON, Feb. 9 (UPI) -- The federal laboratory in Ames, Iowa, that conducts all of the nation's tests for mad cow disease has a history of producing ambiguous and conflicting results -- to the point where many federal meat inspectors have lost confidence in it, Department of Agriculture veterinarians and a deer rancher told United Press International.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The veterinarians also claim the facility -- part of the USDA and known as the National Veterinary Services Laboratories -- has refused to release testing results to them and has been so secretive some suspect it is covering up additional mad cow cases. ...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20040209-061848-3665r" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20040209-061848-3665r</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: re-USDA's surveillance plan for BSE aka mad cow disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Date: Mon, 02 May 2005 16:59:07 -0500</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To: paffairs@oig.hhs.gov, HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov, contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Greetings Honorable Paul Feeney, Keith Arnold, and William Busbyet al at OIG, ...............</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">There will be several more emails of my research to follow.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I respectfully request a full inquiry into the cover-up of TSEs in the United States of America over the past 30 years. I would be happy to testify...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Thank you,I</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">am sincerely,</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 xxx xxx xxxx</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Date: June 14, 2005 at 1:46 pm PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In Reply to: Re: Transcript Ag. Secretary Mike Johanns and Dr. John Clifford, Regarding further analysis of BSE Inconclusive Test Results posted by TSS on June 13, 2005 at 7:33 pm:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Secretary of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman resigns Nov 15 2004, three days later inclusive Mad Cow is announced. June 7th 2005 Bill Hawks Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs resigns. Three days later same mad cow found in November turns out to be positive. Both resignations are unexpected. just pondering...TSS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Re: BSE 'INCONCLUSIVE' COW from TEXAS ???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Date: Mon, 22 Nov 2004 17:12:15 -0600</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To: Carla Everett References: <[log in to unmask]><[log in to unmask] us></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Greetings Carla,</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">still hear a rumor;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Texas single beef cow not born in Canada no beef entered the food chain?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">and i see the TEXAS department of animal health is ramping up for something, but they forgot a url for update?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I HAVE NO ACTUAL CONFIRMATION YET...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">can you confirm???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">terry </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full transmission;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE PHYLLIS K. FONG INSPECTOR GENERAL Before the HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES March 1, 2006</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">For release only by the House Committee on Appropriations Good morning, Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee. I thank you for inviting me to testify before you today to discuss the activities of the Office of Inspector General (OIG) and to provide information about our oversight of the Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) programs and operations. I would like to introduce the members of the OIG senior management team who are here with me today: Kathy Tighe, our new Deputy Inspector General; Robert Young, Assistant Inspector General for Audit; Mark Woods, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations; and Suzanne Murrin, Assistant Inspector General for Policy Development and Resources Management. I welcome this opportunity to provide the Subcommittee with an overview of the highlights of our audit and investigative activity over the past year. Fiscal Year 2005 presented many difficult challenges for the USDA and our country’s agricultural producers and consumers. In addition to administering programs relied upon by farmers and rural communities and managing the $128 billion in public resources entrusted to the Department, USDA assumed significant responsibilities responding to the hurricanes that ravaged the Gulf Coast in 2005 and addressing the threat of plant and animal disease. To best serve the Department, our Congressional oversight committees, and the general public, OIG has formally prioritized, organized, and planned our work according to three</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">central objectives. I will present my testimony to the Subcommittee according to the framework of these three objectives: supporting Safety, Security, and Public Health in USDA programs and operations; protecting Program Integrity as USDA provides assistance to individuals and entities; and improving the Department’s Management of Public Resources. I. Safety, Security, and Public Health The BSE Surveillance Program and SRM Controls We recently issued our second report focusing on the Department’s efforts to establish and enforce effective, interlocking safeguards to protect producers and consumers from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly referred to as “mad cow disease.” Our February 2006 report reviewed the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) implementation of its expanded BSE surveillance program and the Food Safety and Inspection Service’s (FSIS) controls to prevent banned specified risk materials (SRM) from entering our Nation’s food supply. We found that USDA made significant efforts to implement and improve the expanded surveillance program. The Department faced many challenges in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, and infrastructure needed for this massive effort. In our recent report, we discuss specific areas where we believe corrective actions were not fully effective in addressing our prior findings and recommendations on issues such as obtaining representative samples of the U.S. herd, identifying and obtaining samples from high-risk surveillance streams, and ensuring the completeness/accuracy of data. The Department</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">3</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">has responded to our report with immediate actions. For example, at the Secretary’s direction, APHIS revised its testing protocols to provide for additional confirmatory procedures when inconclusive test results occur. Also, both APHIS and FSIS agreed with all OIG recommendations, and they have corrected, or have developed action plans to correct, the program weaknesses identified. APHIS’ Implementation of the Expanded Surveillance Plan APHIS obtained significantly more samples for testing than it originally anticipated would be needed to achieve its stated level of confidence in estimating the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd. The voluntary nature of the surveillance program, however, makes it difficult to determine how successful USDA was in obtaining a representative proportion of high-risk cattle for testing. OIG found that APHIS’ various statistical approaches to determining the prevalence of BSE mitigate some, but not all, of the limitations associated with its data and the agency’s underlying assumptions in the design and implementation of its surveillance program. The accuracy of the underlying data is critical to the development of a future maintenance surveillance program. We recommended that APHIS disclose the limitations in its surveillance program and underlying data when it makes its final assessment of the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. We also found that USDA needed to strengthen its processes to ensure the quality and capability of its BSE testing program, especially when inconclusive test results occur. We recommended that USDA re-evaluate and adjust its testing protocols based on its</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">4</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">evaluation of emerging science and strengthen its proficiency testing and quality assurance reviews at participating laboratories. Evaluation of FSIS Processes Regarding SRMs To examine FSIS’ inspection procedures to enforce regulations to prevent risk materials in meat products, OIG reviewed the SRM plans of several meat processing facilities, observed FSIS inspections, and evaluated the effectiveness of controls during the slaughter process. FSIS technical experts assisted us in these reviews. We did not identify SRMs entering the food supply during our plant visits. However, we could not determine whether required SRM procedures were followed or were adequate due to the lack of specificity in the plans. We found that the plants lacked documentation of compliance with SRM control procedures and FSIS actions to validate such compliance. In addition to the control issues we identified regarding SRM procedures at slaughter and processing establishments, we found that FSIS’ information system could not readily provide FSIS with the data it needed to identify trends in SRM violations. The expanded stage of USDA’s BSE surveillance program is now nearing its end. Accordingly, it is important that the issues we have raised be considered as USDA completes its BSE surveillance program and reports on the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd. The Department has responded to our report with immediate action and agreed to address all of our findings and recommendations.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">5 Assessing USDA Controls for Beef Exported to Japan On January 20, 2006, Japanese officials announced that they had banned any further imports of beef products from the United States, based on the discovery that a U.S. plant had shipped a veal product containing vertebral column material that was prohibited by the terms of an agreement with Japan. On the same date, in response to Japan’s decision, the Secretary announced 12 actions USDA would undertake to facilitate resuming trade. These actions include delisting and investigating the plant that exported the ineligible product, requiring a second signature on export certificates, providing training to inspection personnel on export certification, and holding meetings with inspection officials and industry representatives to reaffirm program requirements. Shortly thereafter, the Secretary requested OIG to audit the adequacy of USDA’s coordination and control processes for the Beef Export Verification (BEV) program for Japan. OIG’s report, issued on February 16, 2006, concluded that the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) and FSIS could strengthen their controls over the BEV program by improving processes used to communicate BEV program requirements, clearly defining roles and responsibilities, and implementing additional oversight of FSIS inspection personnel. In response to our recommendations, the agencies agreed to an array of actions. AMS agreed to maintain a list of specific, export-eligible products for each facility with an approved BEV program; to systematically notify FSIS when any establishment is approved/delisted from a BEV program; and to review all establishments in the BEV program to ensure that they adhere to program requirements. FSIS agreed to</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">6</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">clarify the roles and responsibilities of FSIS personnel involved at each stage of the export verification process; expedite the development of export certification training; and increase supervisory oversight of the export certification process. OIG believes that the full implementation of these measures will strengthen and improve the Department’s compliance with BEV program requirements. Assessment of the Equivalence of the Canadian Beef Inspection System Last year, my testimony discussed OIG’s findings from our audit of APHIS’ oversight of the importation of beef products from Canada. Our work on that audit led us to conduct an evaluation of FSIS’ assessment of the equivalence of the Canadian food safety inspection system, which we issued in December 2005. The then FSIS Administrator and the Under Secretary for Food Safety had identified concerns with the Canadian inspection system in late 2003. Our audit determined that FSIS did not fully address the issues raised by USDA officials in a timely manner. For example, in July 2003 FSIS found that Canadian inspection officials were not enforcing certain pathogen reduction and HACCP system regulations. These same types of concerns were identified again in June 2005. At the time of our audit, FSIS did not have protocols for evaluating deficiencies in a foreign country’s inspection system which could be used to question the system’s equivalence to U.S. standards. In addition, FSIS had not instituted compensating controls (such as increased port-of-entry testing) to strengthen public health protections while</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">7</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">deficiencies were present. During the period of January 2003–May 2005, 4.4 billion pounds of Canadian processed product entered the U.S., even though FSIS officials questioned the equivalence of the Canadian inspection system. FSIS agreed with OIG’s five recommendations, which included implementing protocols to determine which deficiencies would lead FSIS to question whether a foreign country’s inspection system is equivalent to the U.S. system. In response to the report, FSIS committed to develop these protocols by March 2006 and to implement them immediately thereafter. Oversight of FSIS Recalls For the past several years we have testified about our continuing work regarding adulterated beef product recalls. In July 2004, a Pennsylvania firm initiated a recall of approximately 170,000 pounds of ground beef patties because of mislabeling. Approximately one-fourth of this product was made, in part, from beef trim from Canada which was not eligible for import to the U.S., following the detection of a Canadian cow with BSE. In May 2005, we reported on the adequacy of FSIS’ effectiveness checks and the agency’s oversight of the recall. Overall, we concluded that FSIS had strengthened its procedures regarding the agency’s oversight of recalls. However, we noted that FSIS personnel did not determine the amount of product purchased by firms on 26 of the 58 completed effectiveness checks. This resulted in reduced assurance that mislabeled product was completely retrieved from distribution. Agency officials concurred with the firms’ assertions that the product had been removed from the marketplace. In response to</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">8</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">our recommendations, FSIS agreed to provide more specific direction to its personnel on identifying and evaluating the amount of product purchased. The Subcommittee has been interested in OIG’s investigation of a Pennsylvania company’s recall of meat products. This remains an ongoing civil fraud investigation and we will be pleased to provide information on its resolution to the Subcommittee upon its conclusion.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip. ...9 of 34 pages. ...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://appropriations.house.gov/_files/FongTestimony.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://appropriations.house.gov/_files/FongTestimony.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">see archived url;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060330031103/http://appropriations.house.gov/_files/FongTestimony.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060330031103/http://appropriations.house.gov/_files/FongTestimony.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080922232504/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Executive Summary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">PAGE 43;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080920075242/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Panel questions Homeland Security inspection of food By Jerry Hagstrom, CongressDailyPM </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Agriculture Department Inspector General Phyllis Fong and several members of the House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee expressed concern Wednesday about whether the Homeland Security Department is properly inspecting food and other agricultural items when they arrive in the United States. Neither Fong nor the committee members provided any hard evidence of problems, but Fong said she and the Homeland Security Department's inspector general were conducting a joint review of inspection functions. Once the province of USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, they were transferred to Homeland Security when that department was created.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"We are still very concerned about whether that broader inspection is being carried out," Fong said in testimony.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Fong said the joint inquiry was only in the stage of field investigation and had reached no conclusions.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rep. Marcy Kaptur, D-Ohio, suggested the inspector general focus on the impact of the inspections on plants from other countries. House Agriculture Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman Henry Bonilla, R-Texas, said he had asked the Government Accountability Office to investigate the food inspection process. Rep. Tom Latham, R-Iowa, who noted he also sits on the House Homeland Security Appropriations Subcommittee, said, "Apparently there are still some unresolved issues about what the heck [the department] is doing."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Under questioning from Agriculture Appropriations ranking member Rosa DeLauro, D-Conn., Fong acknowledged it was APHIS Administrator Ron DeHaven who made the decision not to conduct further tests on a Texas cow whose initial test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, was inconclusive. Further tests ordered by the inspector general several months later showed that the cow had the disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DeLauro noted that when Japan stopped importing U.S. beef in December, USDA moved faster to deal with that issue than it had when the Texas cow was tested, a sign, she said, that USDA was more concerned about trade than human health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"We are taking years to deal with public health," DeLauro said. "If APHIS is in charge of avian influenza and we have the kinds of problems existing here, it doesn't bode well for public safety." </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0306/030106cdpm2.htm </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">see archived url;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060311070356/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0306/030106cdpm2.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060311070356/http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0306/030106cdpm2.htm</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090626021608/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080921202102/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW URL LINK;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://http//web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BSE REDBOOK</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Preliminary Notification</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The director of NVSL is responsible for immediately notifying the APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS) deputy administrator when tests suggest a presumptive diagnosis of BSE. Once NVSL has made a presumptive diagnosis of BSE, APHIS and FSIS field activities will also be initiated. APHIS will receive notification (either confirming or not confirming NVSL's diagnosis) from the United Kingdom anywhere between 24 and 96 hours. (The international animal health community has recognized the United Kingdom's Central Veterinary Laboratory {CVL} as the world's reference laboratory for diagnosing BSE. Other countries, including Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland, have all sent samples to this lab to confirm their first case of BSE).</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">BSE Response Team</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The BSE Response Team will complete the informational memorandum for the Secretary. The Team will prepare the letter to the Office of International Epizootics (OIE), the international animal health organization, for signature by the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator. OIE requires that all countries submit official notification within 24 hours of confirming a diagnosis of BSE. The BSE Response Team and the office of the APHIS, VS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all APHIS regional directors and AVIC'S. The BSE Response Team and the office of the FSIS, OPHS Deputy Administrator would coordinate a teleconference to inform all regional and field FSIS offices. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify other Federal agencies. The BSE Response Team would coordinate a teleconference to notify key industry/consumer representatives. The BSE Response Team and APHIS International Services would notify foreign embassies. The BSE Response Team would establish a toll-free 800 telephone line for industry representatives, reporters, and the public. The BSE Response Team would coordinate with APHIS Legislative and Public Affairs and USDA office of Communications to issue a press release the day the diagnosis is confirmed. The press release would announce a press conference to be held the morning after the diagnosis is confirmed......</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">THE END</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-138-126.ipset18.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: Hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room... </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Date: February 14, 2000 at 9:04 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: hunkering down in the APHIS BSE Situation Room </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Date: Wed, 12 May 1999 01:55:54 -0800 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">From: tom Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">i am looking now a bizarre Oct 98 internal USDA publication describing a james bond-type US effort to control media should the long-anticipated first case of BSE in the US be admitted.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">'Players' on the 27 member BSE Response Team are to be flown in from all over the country to a BSE Headquarters 'situation room' apparently an underground bunker in Riverdale, Maryland under the command of the Assistant Secretary of Marketing.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Authentic press releases are already prepared and ready to go out after a few specifics have been filled in. They are spelled out in a separate document, the BSE Red Book, aka BSE Emergency Disease Guidelines.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Aphis' National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) activates team assembly. From the time a bovine brain sample is submitted, it takes 14-18 days to confirm a diagnosis of BSE. In the first 10-13 days, NVSL have enough information to determine the need for additional tests. If a provisional BSE diagnosis is made, the sample is 'hand-carried' (are they going to tell the airline and customs?) to the Central Veterinary Laboratory in England for confirmation, where they are expecting a 24 to 96 hour turn-around.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">I guess that means we can get the white tiger brain analyzed by Friday despite the 22 year delay to date. Maybe we could throw in a few cougar brains from NE Colorado too.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">A Team Member is designated to silently monitor this listserve and www.mad-cow.org (among others) -- for what, it doesn't say. The Freedom of Information Act request from the East Coast consumer group turned up numerous top-secret USDA downloads from that site and Dealler's.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">After 24 hours of secret briefings for 'select industry and trading partners' (to allow them to take positions on the commodities markets opposite the 'non-select' industry and trading partners?), a press conference will be held the next day.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">There are plans to trace the cow, its lineage, its herdmates, the renderer, traceout of product, buyout of herd, farm of origin, to get the state involved to quarantine the herd (pre-arranged for all 50 states), expectations for trade bans, notification of OIE within 24 hours, media 800 numbers, spokespersons and backups, notify CDC, FDA, NIH, and many other commendable activities. The Flow Chart is a sight to behold, I will try to scan it in tomorrow.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">In short, that cow is going to be toast by the time the public first hears about it.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The Plan does not speak to the scenario in which the CVL says, yes, this is bovine spongiform encephalopathy all right but it is one of your strains, not ours. Invoking their Absence of Evidence is Evidence of Absence principle, there may be no perceived need for public disclosure in this case.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">USDA is caught completely unprepared if BSE first turns up in a US zoo animal. These animals could easily be diagnosed outside the "system" and be the subject of a publicity-seeking lab press release. I think this is a more likely scenario because the US has likely imported many thousands of zoo animals with advanced infections from Britain and France and there has been zero monitoring. Unlike with downer cows, anyone with the right colleagues can get ahold of a fallen zoo animal. Zoo animals enter the food chain in some cases after being rendered.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Another scenario would be some stock market speculator obtaining the Red Book and issuing a flurry of bogus but authentic-looking press releases that included bogus 800 and hacked USDA web links. The press here is so lazy and so accustomed to putting out public relation handouts as news that the objectives would be accomplished for a few hour (or days, depending on the Response Team's paralysis vis-a-vis off-flow chart events). Some people think a practise run for this happened in the Indiana case a year or two back.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">The first case of nvCJD in an American will also be a public relations fiasco. In the dim bulb of the public mind, any American with mad cow disease would have gotten it from eating meat here. USDA has no way to prove that the victim acquired it on a three week trip to England in 1987. This will sound lame even to the press. All CJD is synonymous with mad cow disease in the public perception; the more often the different kinds are explained, the more their suspicions are aroused. The first case of nvCJD in an American will simply validate what they already know and just be viewed as an overdue admission from the government.</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">tom</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">___________________________________________________________</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">BSE Red Book 2.1-26</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">5.0 Response to Disease Outbreak</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">snip...see full report of From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. (216-119-130-102.ipset10.wt.net) Subject: When a case of B.S.E. is found in the U.S/Response to Disease outbreak...'redbook' Date: March 13, 2000 at 10:13 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, April 6, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">WOAH OIE CHAPTER 11.4 . BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Article 11.4.1. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">see my full submission;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary References</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">see full submission of concerns;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">BSE TESTING ONLY 25K ANNUALLY WILL NOT FIND BSE CIRCULATING IN THE USA CATTLE HERDS, UNLESS IT'S REAL BAD...THAT'S WHEN YOU HAVE PROBLEMS, AND YOUR JUST TRYING TO HOLD THE NUMBERS DOWN...IMO...terry</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sample Size Estimate for BSE Ongoing Surveillance</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">July 20, 2006 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In addition, we aim to meet the objective of conducting ongoing surveillance at a level that meets or exceeds OIE surveillance recommendations. We believe this objective is reached by the following sampling strategy, which is sufficient to detect BSE at 1 infected animal per 1,000,000 adult cattle in the population with a high degree of confidence.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sample Size to Meet OIE Surveillance Recommendations</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">APHIS is committed to maintaining BSE surveillance that at least meets OIE guidelines. The OIE surveillance guidelines for BSE recommend a target number of surveillance points for Type A surveillance based on the size of a country’s cattle population. These points are accrued over 7 consecutive years, and are weighted according to the surveillance stream and age of the animal sampled. For a large cattle population, using the design prevalence of 1 case per 100,000 adult cattle and 95 percent confidence, 300,000 total points over 7 years, or 42,857 points per year, are required for Type A surveillance (OIE 2005). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090109193041/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/peer_review/downloads/BSE_sample_size_ongoing_surv_after.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090109193041/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/peer_review/downloads/BSE_sample_size_ongoing_surv_after.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">KEY POINTS In addition to a stringent feed ban imposed by the Food and Drug Administration in 1997 as well as the removal of all specified risk material which could harbor BSE, USDA has a strong surveillance program in place to detect signs of BSE in cattle in the United States. In fact, we test for BSE at levels greater than World Animal Health Organization standards. The program samples approximately 25,000 animals each year and targets cattle populations where the disease is most likely to be found. The targeted population for ongoing surveillance focuses on cattle exhibiting signs of central nervous disorders or any other signs that may be associated with BSE, including emaciation or injury, and dead cattle, as well as non-ambulatory animals. Samples from the targeted population are taken at farms, veterinary diagnostic laboratories, public health laboratories, slaughter facilities, veterinary clinics, and livestock markets.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is announcing an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a neurologic disease of cattle, in an approximately five-year-old or older beef cow at a slaughter plant in South Carolina. This animal never entered slaughter channels and at no time presented a risk to the food supply or to human health in the United States. Given the United States’ negligible risk status for BSE, we do not expect any trade impacts as a result of this finding. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) confirmed that this cow was positive for atypical L-type BSE. The animal was tested as part of APHIS’s routine surveillance of cattle that are deemed unsuitable for slaughter. The radio frequency identification tag present on the animal is associated with a herd in Tennessee. APHIS and veterinary officials in South Carolina and Tennessee are gathering more information during this ongoing investigation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Atypical BSE generally occurs in older cattle and seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> This is the nation’s 7th detection of BSE. Of the six previous U.S. cases, the first, in 2003, was a case of classical BSE in a cow imported from Canada; the rest have been atypical (H- or L-type) BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) recognizes the United States as negligible risk for BSE. As noted in the WOAH guidelines for determining this status, atypical BSE cases do not impact official BSE risk status recognition as this form of the disease is believed to occur spontaneously in all cattle populations at a very low rate. Therefore, this finding of an atypical case will not change the negligible risk status of the United States, and should not lead to any trade issues. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> The United States has a longstanding system of interlocking safeguards against BSE that protects public and animal health in the United States, the most important of which is the removal of specified risk materials - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE should an animal have the disease - from all animals presented for slaughter. The second safeguard is a strong feed ban that protects cattle from the disease. Another important component of our system - which led to this detection - is our ongoing BSE surveillance program that allows USDA to detect the disease if it exists at very low levels in the U.S. cattle population. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">More information about this disease is available in the BSE factsheet.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"># </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/5/19/state-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-owners-to-disease-detection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/5/19/state-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-owners-to-disease-detection.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Docket No. APHIS–<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2023–0027</span> Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </div></div><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: currentcolor;" /><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NOW before you go off and start repeating BSE TSE Prion science that is almost 50 years old, let's be perfectly clear what science is saying today, and especially what the WAHIS/WOAH/OIE et al are saying about the atypical BSE strains... OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</span>. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1985</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; outline: currentcolor;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment</span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><span face="Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a><span face="Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif" style="color: #141414; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> </div></div><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">RECENT MAD COW CASES</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, March 20, 2023 <br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">30 November 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Approved: 3 November 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Metadata</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">EFSA Journal 2022;20(11):7655</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Keywords: TSE, BSE, CWD, scrapie, classical, atypical, surveillance</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">On request from: European Commission Question Number: EFSA‐Q‐2021‐00765</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Contact: zoonoses@efsa.europa.eu</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep and goats, carried out in 2021 by 27 Member States (MS, EU27), the United Kingdom (in respect of Northern Ireland) (XI), and eight other non‐EU reporting countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 1,021,252 cattle were tested by EU27 and XI (−9%, compared with 2020 when data from the United Kingdom were not restricted to Northern Ireland), and 66,121 cattle by eight non‐EU reporting countries, </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">with two cases of H‐BSE in France and Spain, and four L‐BSE in France (2), Germany and Spain. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 311,174 sheep and 118,457 goats were tested in the EU27 and XI (−6.4% and −1.8%, respectively, compared to 2020 when data from the whole United Kingdom were considered). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In sheep, 551 cases of scrapie were reported by 17 MS and XI: 448 classical scrapie (CS) by six MS [80 index cases (IC) with genotypes of susceptible groups in 97% of the cases], 103 atypical scrapie (AS) (96 IC) by 13 MS and XI. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the other non‐EU reporting countries, 27,594 sheep were tested with 55 CS and 1 AS in Iceland and 8 AS in Norway. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ovine random genotyping was reported by nine MS and genotypes of susceptible groups accounted for 7.9%. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In goats, 224 cases of scrapie were reported by six EU MS: 219 CS (30 IC) by six MS, and five AS (5 IC) by three MS. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In total, 5,854 cervids were tested for chronic wasting disease by eight MS; all resulted negative. Norway tested 21,670 cervids with two moose and one red deer positive. In total, 149 animals from four other species tested negative in Finland and Turkey.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">© European Food Safety Authority</div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655</a><br /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">SECOND, let's review the USDA/APHIS et al BSE, Scrapie, and CWD testing, past and present...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">PLOS ONE Journal </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">589.2001</span> BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–<span dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">2009–0095</span>] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Monday, June 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Traceability of animal protein byproducts in ruminants by multivariate analysis of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to prevent transmission of prion diseases</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CONTINUED IN FILE ATTACHMENT, about 27 pages...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEE FULL SUBMISSION IN ATTACHMENT;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SRM Federal Docket Singeltary Submission 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, September 10, 2019</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">LAST BUT NOT LEAST, THE MOST FRIGHTENING THING OF ALL, 50 YEARS PARENTS WILL HAVE TO WAIT TO SEE IF THEIR CHILDREN COME DOWN WITH CJD TSE PRION!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">This is where STUPID meets the road imo, where you have politicians trying to take chocolate milk from THE SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM, claims it's bad for our baby's.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">BUT IT'S PERFECTLY OK TO FEED OUR CHILDREN, FOR FOUR FUCKING YEARS, THE MOST HIGH RISK CATTLE FOR BSE MAD COW DISEASE, VIA THE SAME SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM...i don't make this stuff up people!</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRMs up as appetizers or horderves.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, November 28, 2013</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ???</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100413182327/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100413182327/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">U.S., suppliers settle over school lunch beef linked to recall</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By Reuter news service</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: November 27, 2013</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Livestock, Markets, News</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Nov 27 (Reuters) – Several California companies and individuals tied to the largest beef recall in U.S. history agreed to settle charges of animal cruelty and the slaughtering of sick cattle for food, including beef supplied to the National School Lunch Program, the Justice Department said on Wednesday.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The settlements end a federal fraud lawsuit begun in February 2008 by the Humane Society of the United States, which had obtained a video that appeared to show inhumane cattle treatment and improper inspections of sick cattle at a Chino, California, plant run by Westland Meat Co. and Hallmark Meat Co.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Under the settlements, Westland agreed to enter a $155.68 million consent judgment, which its lawyer said is unlikely to be collected because the company is defunct, while its owner, Steve Mendell, agreed to pay $240,000.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The government also said M&M Management LLC, Cattleman’s Choice Inc., the estate of Cattleman’s late owner, Aaron “Arnie” Magidow, and Magidow’s widow JoAnn will pay $2.45 million. JoAnn Magidow was not accused of wrongdoing.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Two other defendants, Donald Hallmark Sr and Donald Hallmark Jr, settled in October 2012 for $304,130, the government said. The government joined the case in May 2009.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">According to the lawsuit, Westland/Hallmark treated cattle inhumanely and falsely represented that it processed meat only from ambulatory cattle, when it also used “downer” cattle that can walk only with help. Such cattle are considered a greater risk to spread illness.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The case was tied to contracts from August 2003 to January 2008 under which the U.S. Department of Agriculture bought fresh and frozen beef from Westland/Hallmark for school lunches. The USDA now bans non-ambulatory cattle from entering the human food chain.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“Children across the country depend on the National School Lunch Program to provide them with a healthy meal each day,” Stuart Delery, assistant attorney general for the Justice Department’s civil division, said in a statement. “We all depend on companies providing food to the program to follow the rules designed to ensure those meals are safe to eat.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mark Troy, a partner at the law firm Crowell & Moring representing Westland, Mendell and M&M, said federal meat inspectors “had been on site 100 percent of the time and inspected every single cow,” but the government blamed Westland because workers had been caught on the video mistreating cows.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">He said the Westland judgment is not expected to be paid because the company is out of business.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">An uncollectible $497 million judgment was previously entered against Hallmark Meat, the Humane Society has said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Edward Woods, a partner at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld representing Cattleman’s Choice, Arnie Magidow’s estate and JoAnn Magidow, in a statement said his clients “were able to reach a settlement with the U.S. for the costs of suit, a mere fraction of what the U.S. had been seeking.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Both lawyers noted that a federal judge had earlier this year dismissed parts of the government’s case.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A February 2008 recall of Westland/Hallmark beef covered 143 million pounds (64.9 million kg) of meat over two years, of which 37 million pounds (16.8 million kg) had been bought for school lunches and other federal programs.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">USDA officials at the time said much of the recalled beef had probably been consumed, but that there had been only a minor risk of illness from eating it.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Westland and M&M were based in Corona Del Mar, California, and Cattleman’s Choice in Commerce, California, the Justice Department said.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The case is U.S. ex rel. Humane Society of the United States v. Westland/Hallmark Meat Co et al, U.S. District Court, Central District of California, No. 08-00221.</div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20201124182654/http://www.producer.com/daily/u-s-suppliers-settle-over-school-lunch-beef-linked-to-recall/?utm_source=Western+Producer&utm_campaign=4d734cd603-Producer+Daily+-+2013-11-28&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_a5b062b4c9-4d734cd603-87671449" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20201124182654/http://www.producer.com/daily/u-s-suppliers-settle-over-school-lunch-beef-linked-to-recall/?utm_source=Western+Producer&utm_campaign=4d734cd603-Producer+Daily+-+2013-11-28&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_a5b062b4c9-4d734cd603-87671449</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div>CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION AKA MAD DEER DISEASE</div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ARS USDA Generation of human chronic wasting disease in transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Publication Date: 9/26/2021 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">“We believe that our study provides the first evidence that CWD PrPSc is able to convert human PrPC into PrPSc in vitro and the CWD-derived human PrPSc mimics atypical sCJD subtypes in humanized Tg mice.”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-021-01262-y</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=382551</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SUNDAY, APRIL 9, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/04/transmission-of-cervid-prions-to.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEE A FEW HIGHLIGHTS;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Here, we provide evidence for a zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and its probable signature using mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) as an infection model.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission.'' ''These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''We demonstrate that this transgenic line was susceptible to infection with CWD prions and displayed a distinct leading clinical sign, an atypical PrPSc signature and unusual fecal shedding of infectious prions.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Importantly, these prions generated by the human PrP transgenic mice were transmissible upon passage.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for ''infection. ''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''This implies a high risk of exposure to this strain, e.g., through consumption or handling of infected carcasses, in contrast to rarer CWD strains, and therefore, an actual risk for human health.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Fecal shedding of infectious prions, if it occurs in humans, is particularly concerning because of potential human-to-human transmission and adaptation of hCWD.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Overall, our findings suggest that CWD surveillance in humans should encompass a wider spectrum of tissues/organs tested and include new criteria in the diagnosis of potential patients.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">***> PLEASE NOTE;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Our results indicate that if CWD crosses the species-barrier to humans, it is unlikely to resemble the most common forms of human prion diseases with respect to clinical signs, tissue tropism and PrPSc signature. For instance, PrPSc in variable protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), a sporadic form of human prion disease, and in the genetic form Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is defned by an atypical PK-resistant PrPSc fragment that is non-glycosylated and truncated at both C- and N-termini, with a molecular weight between 6 and 8 kDa [24, 44–46]. These biochemical features are unique and distinctive from PrPSc (PrP27-30) found in most other human or animal prion disease. The atypical PrPSc signature detected in brain homogenate of tg650 mice #321 (1st passage) and #3063 (2nd passage), and the 7–8 kDa fragment (Figs. 2, 4) are very similar to that of GSS, both in terms of migration profle and the N-terminal cleavage site.''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''CWD in humans might remain subclinical but with PrPSc deposits in the brain with an unusual morphology that does not resemble the patterns usually seen in different prion diseases (e.g., mouse #328; Fig. 3), clinical with untraceable abnormal PrP (e.g., mouse #327) but still transmissible and uncovered upon subsequent passage (e.g., mouse #3063; Fig. 4), or prions have other reservoirs than the usual ones, hence the presence of infectivity in feces (e.g., mouse #327) suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable. Here, humanized mice inoculated with CWD deer isolates had an atypical onset of the disease with myoclonus (93.75%), before presenting typical clinical signs, generating prions that presented with either atypical biochemical signature (#321 and #3063), shed in feces (#327), or were undetectable by the classical detection methods. The fact that we could not establish a strong correlation between disease manifestation in tg650 mice inoculated with Wisc-1- or 116AG-CWD and the presence of abnormal PrP (Western blot, IHC or RTQuIC) might be explained by the presence of heterogeneous prions in the brains of infected mice with diferent seeding properties in vitro. Indeed, such heterogeneity and distinct seeding activities and infectivity of abnormal PrP fragments was observed in VPSPr cases [20, 43].''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">VPSPr, GSS, and CWD zoonosis, concerns there from, where did i hear this concern before?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1.<span class="ydpc97d2709yiv5572176405ydpb8ef08cdyiv5377121917ydp513b7d12yiv3850207199Apple-tab-span" style="outline: currentcolor; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">FRIDAY, APRIL 07, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">***> Case report: Two clusters of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases within 1 year in West Michigan <***</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, APRIL 11, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Texas TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease Discovered in Deer Breeding Facilities in Frio and Hamilton Counties </div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">TUESDAY, MARCH 21, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;">Texas CWD seven new cases three separate deer-breeding facilities in Zavala, Washington and Gonzales counties 471 confirmed to date </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/03/texas-cwd-seven-new-cases-three.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">THURSDAY, APRIL 27, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS REPUBLICAN SB 1372 TAXPAYERS TO PAY FOR GAME FARMS CWD DEPOPULATION </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-republican-sb-1372-taxpayers-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/texas-republican-sb-1372-taxpayers-to.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, MAY 15, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease and Scrapie Chapter 60, Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/05/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/05/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION DETECTED IN 488 CASES TO DATE;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCIENCE NEWS DEC. 30, 2003 / 3:31 PM<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Mad Cow: Linked to thousands of CJD cases?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By STEVE MITCHELL, United Press International</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2003/12/30/Mad-Cow-Linked-to-thousands-of-CJD-cases/47861072816318/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2003/12/30/Mad-Cow-Linked-to-thousands-of-CJD-cases/47861072816318/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCIENCE NEWS APRIL 1, 2005 / 4:48 PM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Groups seek to save NIH brain collection</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By STEVE MITCHELL, Medical Correspondent</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/04/01/Groups-seek-to-save-NIH-brain-collection/72961112392131/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/04/01/Groups-seek-to-save-NIH-brain-collection/72961112392131/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCIENCE NEWS APRIL 7, 2005 / 3:30 PM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NIH sends mixed signals on CJD brains</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By STEVE MITCHELL, Medical Correspondent</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/04/07/NIH-sends-mixed-signals-on-CJD-brains/25701112902231/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/04/07/NIH-sends-mixed-signals-on-CJD-brains/25701112902231/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SCIENCE NEWS MAY 31, 2005 / 5:26 PM</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NIH says it will preserve CJD brains</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">By STEVE MITCHELL</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/05/31/NIH-says-it-will-preserve-CJD-brains/67711117574761/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/05/31/NIH-says-it-will-preserve-CJD-brains/67711117574761/</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The risk of CJD increases with age; the 2016–2020 average annual rate in the United States was about 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 1999</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">15 November 1999</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">medically retired</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clarical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto- claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endescopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed........</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">flounder@wt.net</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Competing interests: No competing interests </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2001</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To the Editor: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">26 March 2003</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">223</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">''The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9''</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN by Philip Yam</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2010</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Robert C. Holman ,Ermias D. Belay,Krista Y. Christensen,Ryan A. Maddox,Arialdi M. Minino,Arianne M. Folkema,Dana L. Haberling,Teresa A. Hammett,Kenneth D. Kochanek,James J. Sejvar,Lawrence B. Schonberger</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Published: January 1, 2010</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008521</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">re-Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by flounder on 01 Jan 2010 at 18:11 GMT</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I kindly disagree with your synopsis for the following reasons ;</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;">Singeltary 2014</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer's disease, iatrogenic transmission, what if?</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a> </div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Background</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy disease have both been around a long time, and was discovered in or around the same time frame, early 1900’s. Both diseases are incurable and debilitating brain disease, that are in the end, 100% fatal, with the incubation/clinical period of the Alzheimer’s disease being longer (most of the time) than the TSE prion disease. Symptoms are very similar, and pathology is very similar.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Methods</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Through years of research, as a layperson, of peer review journals, transmission studies, and observations of loved ones and friends that have died from both Alzheimer’s and the TSE prion disease i.e. Heidenhain Variant Creutzfelt Jakob Disease CJD.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Results</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">I propose that Alzheimer’s is a TSE disease of low dose, slow, and long incubation disease, and that Alzheimer’s is Transmissible, and is a threat to the public via the many Iatrogenic routes and sources. It was said long ago that the only thing that disputes this, is Alzheimer’s disease transmissibility, or the lack of. The likelihood of many victims of Alzheimer’s disease from the many different Iatrogenic routes and modes of transmission as with the TSE prion disease.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">There should be a Global Congressional Science round table event set up immediately to address these concerns from the many potential routes and sources of the TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s disease, and a emergency global doctrine put into effect to help combat the spread of Alzheimer’s disease via the medical, surgical, dental, tissue, and blood arena’s. All human and animal TSE prion disease, including Alzheimer’s should be made reportable in every state, and Internationally, WITH NO age restrictions. Until a proven method of decontamination and autoclaving is proven, and put forth in use universally, in all hospitals and medical, surgical arena’s, or the TSE prion agent will continue to spread. IF we wait until science and corporate politicians wait until politics lets science _prove_ this once and for all, and set forth regulations there from, we will all be exposed to the TSE Prion agents, if that has not happened already.</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">MONDAY, APRIL 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Prion Disease on the Rise in the U.S., Now the question is, why?<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">''5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.''<br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/prion-disease-on-rise-in-us-now.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/prion-disease-on-rise-in-us-now.html</a></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Updated quarterly. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Last updated on: January 11th, 2023 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Year Total Neuropath Referrals² Prion Disease Sporadic Genetic Iatrogenic vCJD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 1999 & earlier 383 232 202 27 3 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2000 145 102 90 12 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2001 209 118 110 8 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2002 241 144 124 18 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2003 259 160 137 21 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2004 315 180 163 16 0 1³ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2005 330 179 157 21 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2006 365 179 159 17 1 2⁴ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2007 374 210 191 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2008 384 221 205 16 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2009 397 231 210 20 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2010 402 246 218 28 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2011 392 238 214 24 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2012 413 244 221 23 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2013 416 258 223 34 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2014 355 208 185 21 1 1⁵ </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 401 263 243 20 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 395 277 248 29 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 375 266 247 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 308 221 202 18 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 433 280 259 21 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 366 252 227 24 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 343 248 223 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 307 199 165 13 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> TOTAL 83086 51567 46238 4919 14 4 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Year CSF Only and RT-QuIC Positive10 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 241 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 360 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 406 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 431 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 538 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 494 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 516 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 492 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">TOTAL 3478 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">1Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on the year of referral; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">2Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue was submitted; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">3Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">4Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">5Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">6Includes 25 cases in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2020, 2 from 2021 and 21 from 2022), and 20 inconclusive cases; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">7Includes 24 (3 from 2021 and 21 from 2022) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">8The sporadic cases include 4504 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 82 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 37 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">9Total does not include 301 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">10Lists number of patients (deceased and alive) who have had a positive RT-QuIC and no neuropath examination. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">For a downloadable PDF version of our quarterly table, please click the link below: </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/surveillance/tables-cases-examined" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/surveillance/tables-cases-examined</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> NPDPSC Table of Cases Examined </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> © 2023 Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 216.368.2000 Legal Notice | Privacy Policy PATHOLOGY Campus Location: Wolstein Research Building 5129 2103 Cornell Road Cleveland, OH 44106 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Mailing Address: 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, OH 44106-7288 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Phone: 216.368.3611 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Email: pathology@case.edu </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Tables of Cases Examined | Pathology | School of Medicine | Case Western Reserve University case.edu </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (September 20, 2022) Year Total Neuropath Referrals2 Prion Disease Sporadic Familial iCJD vCJD </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 1999 & earlier 383 232 202 27 3 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2000 145 102 90 12 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2001 209 118 110 8 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2002 241 144 124 18 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2003 259 160 137 21 2 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2004 315 180 163 16 0 13 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2005 328 179 157 21 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2006 365 179 159 17 1 24 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2007 374 210 191 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2008 384 221 205 16 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2009 397 231 210 20 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2010 401 246 218 28 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2011 392 238 214 24 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2012 413 244 221 23 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2013 416 258 223 34 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2014 355 208 185 21 1 15 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 401 263 243 20 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 395 277 248 29 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 375 266 247 19 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 308 221 202 18 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 434 281 259 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 365 252 227 24 1 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 343 248 223 22 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 213 124 98 9 0 0 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> TOTAL 82116 50827 45568 4889 14 4 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> Year CSF Only & RT-QuIC Positive10 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2015 140 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2016 183 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2017 227 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2018 266 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2019 311 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2020 310 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2021 341 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2022 262 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> TOTAL 2040 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 1 Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on year of referral; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 2 Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue and/or blood (in familial cases) were submitted; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 3 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 4 Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 5 Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 6 Includes 28 cases in which the diagnosis is pending (1 from 2020, 3 from 2021 and 24 from 2022), and 20 inconclusive cases; </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 7 Includes 20 (3 from 2021 and 17 from 2022) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 8 The sporadic cases include 4437 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 82 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 37 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"> 9 Total does not include 300 Familial cases diagnosed by blood only. 10 Lists number of patients (deceased and alive) who have had a positive RT-QuIC and no neuropath examination. </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2022-10/WebTable%20NPDPSC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2022-10/WebTable%20NPDPSC.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25, 2023 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;">Canada Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease surveillance system (CJDSS) report steady rise in cases as of January 2023 and STILL NO CASES REPORTED OF VPSPr CJD</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/01/canada-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023</div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: currentcolor;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday APRIL 05, 2022 </span><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;">Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014 </div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Title: HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Article Type: Personal View</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Corresponding Author: Mr. Terry S. Singeltary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="https://corpora.tika.apache.org/base/docs/govdocs1/896/896714.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">https://corpora.tika.apache.org/base/docs/govdocs1/896/896714.pdf</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas, 77518 flounder9@verizon.net Galveston Bay!</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-4650234996268743932022-12-05T12:05:00.001-06:002022-12-05T12:16:28.018-06:00Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span></p><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al, </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used; </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO! </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD. </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files. </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thank You, terry</span></span></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027<br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Submission <span style="color: black;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</div><div><br /></div><div>DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027</div><div><br /></div><div>FEDERAL REGISTER TYPE Notice of availability and request for comments</div><div><br /></div><div>POSTED DATE Oct 26, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>RULE DOCKET Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027</div><div><br /></div><div>COMMENT PERIOD Oct 26, 2022 - Dec 27, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>View on Regulations.gov</div><div><br /></div><div>Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) regulations, FSIS is announcing its intention to renew the approved information collection regarding specified risk materials in cattle. The approval for this information collection will expire on March 31, 2023. FSIS is making no changes to the information collection.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dates</div><div><br /></div><div>Submit comments on or before December 27, 2022.</div><div><br /></div><div>Addresses</div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS invites interested persons to submit comments on this Federal Register notice. Comments may be submitted by one of the following methods:</div><div><br /></div><div>Federal eRulemaking Portal: This website provides commenters the ability to type short comments directly into the comment field on the web page or to attach a file for lengthier comments. Go to https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the on-line instructions at that site for submitting comments. Mail: Send to Docket Clerk, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Mailstop 3758, Washington, DC 20250-3700.</div><div><br /></div><div>Hand- or Courier-Delivered Submittals: Deliver to 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Jamie L. Whitten Building, Room 350-E, Washington, DC 20250-3700. Instructions: All items submitted by mail or electronic mail must include the Agency name and docket number FSIS-2022-0027. Comments received in response to this docket will be made available for public inspection and posted without change, including any personal information, to https://www.regulations.gov.</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket: For access to background documents or comments received, call (202) 205-0495 to schedule a time to visit the FSIS Docket Room at 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-3700.</div><div><br /></div><div>For Further Information Contact</div><div><br /></div><div>Gina Kouba, Office of Policy and Program Development, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Mailstop 3758, South Building, Washington, DC 20250-3700; (202) 720-5627.</div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/policy/federal-register-rulemaking/federal-register-notices/notice-request-renew-approved-20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/policy/federal-register-rulemaking/federal-register-notices/notice-request-renew-approved-20</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/documents/FSIS-2022-0027.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/documents/FSIS-2022-0027.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div>''Summary In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) regulations, FSIS is announcing its intention to renew the approved information collection regarding specified risk materials in cattle. The approval for this information collection will expire on March 31, 2023. FSIS is making no changes to the information collection.''</div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div>DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Food Safety and Inspection Service [Docket No. FSIS–2022–0027] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</div><div><br /></div><div>AGENCY: Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).</div><div><br /></div><div>ACTION: Notice and request for comments.</div><div><br /></div><div>SUMMARY: In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) regulations, FSIS is announcing its intention to renew the approved information collection regarding specified risk materials in cattle. The approval for this information collection will expire on March 31, 2023. FSIS is making no changes to the information collection.</div><div><br /></div><div>DATES: Submit comments on or before December 27, 2022.</div><div><br /></div><div>ADDRESSES: FSIS invites interested persons to submit comments on this Federal Register notice. Comments may be submitted by one of the following methods:</div><div><br /></div><div>• Federal eRulemaking Portal: This website provides commenters the ability to type short comments directly into the comment field on the web page or to attach a file for lengthier comments. Go to https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the on-line instructions at that site for submitting comments.</div><div><br /></div><div>• Mail: Send to Docket Clerk, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Mailstop 3758, Washington, DC 20250–3700. • Hand- or Courier-Delivered Submittals: Deliver to 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Jamie L. Whitten Building, Room 350–E, Washington, DC 20250–3700.</div><div><br /></div><div>Instructions: All items submitted by mail or electronic mail must include the Agency name and docket number FSIS– 2022–0027. Comments received in response to this docket will be made available for public inspection and posted without change, including any personal information, to https:// www.regulations.gov.</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket: For access to background documents or comments received, call (202) 205–0495 to schedule a time to visit the FSIS Docket Room at 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250–3700.</div><div><br /></div><div>FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gina Kouba, Office of Policy and Program Development, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Mailstop 3758, South Building, Washington, DC 20250–3700; (202) 720–5627.</div><div><br /></div><div>SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Title: Specified Risk Materials. OMB Number: 0583–0129.</div><div><br /></div><div>Type of Request: Renewal of an approved information collection. Abstract: FSIS has been delegated the authority to exercise the functions of the Secretary (7 CFR 2.18, 2.53) as specified in the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) (21 U.S.C. 601, et seq.), the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (21 U.S.C. 451, et seq.), and the Egg Products Inspection Act (EPIA) (21 U.S.C. 1031, et seq.). </div><div><br /></div><div>These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged. FSIS requires official establishments that slaughter cattle or process carcasses or parts of cattle to develop written procedures for the removal, segregation, and disposition of SRMs. The Agency requires that these establishments maintain daily records to document the implementation and monitoring of their procedures for the removal, segregation, and disposition of SRMs, as well as any corrective actions that they take to ensure that the procedures are effective (9 CFR 310.22).</div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS also requires official slaughter establishments that transport carcasses or parts of cattle 30 months of age and older and containing vertebral columns to other federally inspected establishments to maintain records verifying that the receiving establishments removed and properly disposed of the portions of the vertebral column designated as SRMs (9 CFR 310.22(g)).</div><div><br /></div><div>This monitoring and recordkeeping is necessary for establishments to ensure, in a manner that can be verified by FSIS, that meat and meat products distributed in commerce for use as human food do not contain SRMs. The approval for this information collection will expire on March 31, 2023. There are no changes to the existing information collection. FSIS has made the following estimates for the renewal information collection: Estimate of Burden: FSIS estimates that it will take respondents an average of approximately .116 hours per response.</div><div><br /></div><div>Respondents: Official establishments that slaughter cattle or process parts of cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Estimated No. of Respondents: 3,512. Estimated No. of Annual Responses per Respondent: 303.</div><div><br /></div><div>Estimated Total Annual Burden on Respondents: 123,916 hours.</div><div><br /></div><div>All responses to this notice will be summarized and included in the request for OMB approval. All comments will also become a matter of public record. Copies of this information collection assessment can be obtained from Gina Kouba, Office of Policy and Program Development, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Mailstop 3758, South Building, Washington, DC 20250–3700; (202) 720–5627.</div><div><br /></div><div>Comments are invited on: (a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used; (c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and (d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology. Comments may be sent to both FSIS, at the addresses provided above, and the Desk Officer for Agriculture, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Washington, DC 20253. Additional Public Notification Public awareness of all segments of rulemaking and policy development is important. Consequently, FSIS will announce this Federal Register publication on-line through the FSIS web page located at: https:// www.fsis.usda.gov/federal-register. FSIS will also announce and provide a link to this Federal Register publication through the FSIS Constituent Update, which is used to provide information regarding FSIS policies, procedures, regulations, Federal Register notices, FSIS public meetings, and other types of information that could affect or would be of interest to our constituents and stakeholders. The Constituent Update is available on the FSIS web page. Through the web page, FSIS can provide information to a much broader, more diverse audience. In addition, FSIS offers an email subscription service which provides automatic and customized access to selected food safety news and information. This service is available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/subscribe. Options range from recalls to export information, regulations, directives, and notices. Customers can add or delete subscriptions themselves and have the option to password protect their accounts.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Non-Discrimination Statement In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, USDA, its Mission Areas, agencies, staff offices, employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident.</div><div><br /></div><div>Program information may be made available in languages other than English. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication to obtain program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language) should contact the responsible Mission Area, agency, or staff office; the USDA TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TTY); or the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877–8339. To file a program discrimination complaint, a complainant should complete a Form AD–3027, USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, which can be obtained online at https://www.ocio.usda.gov/document/ ad-3027, from any USDA office, by calling (866) 632–9992, or by writing a letter addressed to USDA. The letter must contain the complainant’s name, address, telephone number, and a written description of the alleged discriminatory action in sufficient detail to inform the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights (ASCR) about the nature and date of an alleged civil rights violation. The completed AD–3027 form or letter must be submitted to USDA by: (1) Mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250–9410; or (2) Fax: (833) 256–1665 or (202) 690– 7442; or (3) Email: program.intake@usda.gov. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. Paul Kiecker, Administrator. [FR Doc. 2022–23265 Filed 10–25–22; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3410–DM–P </div><div><br /></div></div><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/documents/FSIS-2022-0027.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media_file/documents/FSIS-2022-0027.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al, </div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used; </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it again in 2023 is, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the <span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;">FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, the SRM removal, the BSE surveillance and testing programs, they failed all of them terribly imo., and by insisting now to only be testing 25k cattle for BSE is a disaster waiting to happen imo. </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD. </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files. </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thank You, terry</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</b></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;">Ivett Ackermann<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Reiner Ulrich<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>, Kerstin Tauscher<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>, Olanrewaju I. Fatola<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Christine Fast<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, Markus Keller<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, James C. Shawulu<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a,d</span>, Mark Arnold<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">e</span>, Stefanie Czub<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span>, Martin H. Groschup<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>, and Anne Balkema-Buschmann<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">a</span>Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">b</span>Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">c</span>Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">d</span>Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Abuja, Nigeria; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">e</span>Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, England; <span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">f</span>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Aims</b>: After oral exposure of cattle with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), the infectious agent ascends from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) primarily via the autonomic nervous as the first entry port to system. However, the early timeline of the progression from the gut to the brain has so far remained widely undetermined. To shed light on the early BSE pathogenesis in unweaned calves, we orally infected calves at six to eight weeks of age with a high dose of classical BSE, and followed the pathogenesis within the first eight months post infection.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Material and Methods</b>: 18 unweaned Simmental calves aged 4 to 6 weeks were orally challenged with 100 g each of a classical BSE brainstem pool, while two calves served as negative controls. The animals were euthanized and necropsied at predetermined time points of 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post infection (mpi). Two infected cattle were kept until the development of clinical symptoms of BSE and served as positive controls. For each of the 18 infected and two negative control calves, samples of the ileal Peyer’s patches as well as the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and by transgenic Tgbov XV mouse bioassay.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Results</b>: In the ileal Peyer’s patches, BSE prions were detectable as early as two mpi by PMCA and transgenic mouse bioassay. From four mpi, PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Sc</span>accumulation was detectable by IHC in tingible body macrophages (TBMs) of the IPP follicles and already in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). We were also able to show that as early as 8 mpi, the thoracic spinal cord as well as the parasympathetic nodal ganglion of these animals may contain PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">BSE</span>and BSE infectivity. The positive control animals developed clinical signs of BSE after incubation periods of 32 mpi and 36 mpi, respectively.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Conclusions</b>: Our study demonstrates for the first time PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">BSE</span>(by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrP<span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">BSE</span>positive IPP follicles by IHC. We could also show that the centripetal prion spread starts early after challenge at least in this age group, which represents an essential piece of information for the risk assessments for food, feed and pharmaceutical products produced from young calves.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Funded by</b>: This research was funded by WALA Heilmittel GmbH. The sponsors had no role in the design, execution, interpretation, or writing of the study.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><b>Acknowledgement</b>: We thank the Scientific Advisory Group (SAG), namely Thierry Baron (ANSES Lyon), Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Jim Hope, Marion Simmons, John Spiropoulos (all APHA Weybridge) and Paul Brown (NINDS Bethesda, USA) for their advice and input regarding the design and interpretation of this study. Julia Neumeister, Daniel Balkema and Bärbel Hammerschmidt are acknowledged for their skillful technical assistance. We are thankful to Lukas Steinke, Nicole Sinkwitz, Kerstin Kerstel and Doreen Fiedler for their excellent care of the bioassay mice. We are grateful to Stefanie Marzahl, Ben Schiller and Volker Netz for the great care and handling of the experimental cattle.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2022 ABSTRACTS, AND A BIG THANK YOU TO </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">On behalf of the Prion2020/2022 Congress Organizing Committee and the NeuroPrion Association, we heartily invite you to join us for the International Conference Prion2020/2022 from 13.-16. September 2022 in Göttingen.<br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries<br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div><br /></div><div>Belén Marín1,7, Alicia Otero1,7*, Séverine Lugan2 , Juan Carlos Espinosa3 , Alba Marín‑Moreno3 , EnricVidal4 , Carlos Hedman1 , Antonio Romero5 , Martí Pumarola6 , Juan J. Badiola1 , Juan MaríaTorres3 , OlivierAndréoletti2 & Rosa Bolea1</div><div><br /></div><div>Pigs are susceptible to infection with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) agent following experimental inoculation, and PrPSc accumulation was detected in porcine tissues after the inoculation of certain scrapie and chronic wasting disease isolates. However, a robust transmission barrier has been described in this species and, although they were exposed to C-BSE agent in many European countries, no cases of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infections have been reported in pigs. Transmission of atypical scrapie to bovinized mice resulted in the emergence of C-BSE prions. Here, we conducted a study to determine if pigs are susceptible to atypical scrapie. To this end, 12, 8–9-month-old minipigs were intracerebrally inoculated with two atypical scrapie sources. Animals were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation without clinical signs of TSE. All pigs tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by enzyme immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and bioassay in porcine PrP mice. Surprisingly, in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated the presence of C-BSE prions in different brain areas from seven pigs inoculated with both atypical scrapie isolates. Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>The outbreak of C-BSE was followed by the appearance of TSE in species that had never been diagnosed with prion diseases and the emergence in humans of vCJD16–18. However, no natural prion disease has been described in pigs, even though they were exposed to C-BSE contaminated feed12. Posterior experimental challenges in pigs and mice expressing porcine PrP have demonstrated that, although they are not completely resistant, pigs present a robust transmission barrier for C-BSE prions4,14,19.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, the possible transmission of a TSE to swine is a public health concern due to the wide use of pork as a source of human food, and the increasing use of pigs as tissue donors, being reported a case of vCJD in a human patient receiving a swine dura mater graf20. Although pigs are apparently non-susceptible to C-BSE after oral challenge4,5,21, infectivity has been detected in tissues from pigs orally inoculated with classical scrapie or CWD10,11. In addition, these positive orally inoculated pigs are often subclinical, what could represent a public health concern, considering that these animals could reach the slaughterhouse without showing signs suggestive of prion disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the present study, we evaluated the transmissibility of atypical scrapie to pigs. Pigs were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation (mpi), and their tissues tested for PrPSc accumulation and infectivity. We did not find evidence of transmission of atypical scrapie to any of the animals by EIA (Table 2), western blotting, or mouse bioassay (Table 3). PrPSc accumulation can be detected in BSE-challenged pigs at 34 mpi4 , and at 22 mpi when inoculated with SBSE7 . Although scrapie or CWD-inoculated pigs do not show clinical signs, PrPSc presence can be found in scrapie-challenged animals at 51 mpi11 and as early as 6 mpi in the case of CWD10.</div><div><br /></div><div>Our main goal was to test the ability of atypical scrapie/Nor98 strain to propagate in swine, given that mice expressing porcine PrP (PoPrP-Tg001/tgPo mice) showed to be susceptible to atypical scrapie inoculation. One atypical scrapie isolate adapted to this transgenic line, reaching a 100% attack rate and rapid incubation periods in serial passages13, a similar adaptation to that observed with the C-BSE agent19. However, when this atypical scrapie isolate was tested for propagation in tgPo mice again, together with other atypical scrapie isolates, no positive results were obtained, in vitro nor in vivo14. These results, together with the negative transmissions showed in the present study, reinforce the conclusion that porcine species is highly resistant to atypical scrapie. However, we only performed one passage in tgPo mice, and further passages in this line and/or PMCA analysis of tgPo brains to detect any possible prion replication would be of interest.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, it was demonstrated that C-BSE prions can be present as a minor variant in ovine atypical scrapie isolates and that C-BSE can emerge during the passage of these isolates to bovine PrP mice15. Considering that the aforementioned atypical scrapie isolate also acquired BSE-like properties when transmitted to tgPo mice13, and that C-BSE is the only prion that efficiently propagates in swine PrP4,7,14, we decided to investigate whether C-BSE prions could emerge from atypical scrapie during the ovine-porcine interspecies transmission.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interestingly, PMCA reactions seeded with brain material from 7 pigs propagated in tgBov substrate showing PrPres with identical biochemical characteristics to those of C-BSE (Fig. 1). Positive C-BSE amplification was detected in the brain of pigs inoculated with either the PS152 or TOA3 atypical scrapie isolates, at minimum incubation periods of 28- and 35-months post inoculation, respectively. From each animal, positive reactions were not obtained from all brain areas tested (Supplementary table 1). Although PrPres amplified from the pigs showed C-BSE biochemical characteristics, further bioassays in tgBov mice are required to know whether these prions replicate the neuropathological features of C-BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Altogether, our results and data obtained from transmission studies of prions to pigs, tgPo mice and in vitro studies using porcine substrate have shown that pig PrP has a very limited ability to sustain prion replication. No significant polymorphisms have been described for pig PRNP22, and it has been suggested that the conformational flexibility of pig PrP sequence is very low, limiting the number of PrPSc conformations able to produce misfolding14. No differences have been found between pig and minipig PrP sequences either23, suggesting that the conclusions obtained here could be extrapolated to domestic, non-experimental pigs. However, using tgBov substrate, we have demonstrated in vitro the presence of C-BSE seeding activity in some pig brain areas, suggesting that C-BSE prions emerged during the transmission of ovine atypical scrapie prions to pigs. Interestingly, C-BSE prions did not emerge from brain material of all the pigs, and, of those from which it did emerge, it was not detected in all brain areas tested. No correlation between time after inoculation and BSE emergence was found either. When the emergence of C-BSE from atypical scrapie in PMCA was described, it was associated to low levels of C-BSE prions that were present in the original atypical scrapie isolates15. It is possible that this result is related to the great resistance that pigs present to prion diseases, making the penetrance of the BSE prions that could be present in the original inoculum incomplete. In addition, considering that the amount of C-BSE conformers in the atypical scrapie inocula is probably very reduced and perhaps not homogeneously distributed throughout the isolate, it is also possible that not all the pigs received a sufficient amount of C-BSE conformers capable of being detected by PMCA. Finally, we should consider that PMCA amplification of prions is sometimes a stochastic phenomenon, which could explain why no C-BSE propagation was obtained from some of the pigs. It could be also discussed that C-BSE emergence from the pig brains could be related to persistence of the original atypical scrapie inoculum. However, C-BSE amplification was not obtained from all of the pigs and, in some of them (i.e. P-1217 and P-1231) C-BSE propagation was detected in caudal regions of the brain (cerebellum or occipital cortex) but not in more rostral areas (such as parietal cortex). If C-BSE amplification from pig brain samples were associated to inoculum persistence and not bona fide propagation of C-BSE prions it would be expected that such amplification would be detected mainly in the most rostral areas of the brain. Finally, even though the titer generated was not enough to produce disease in the pigs, these results evidence again the issue that pigs could act as subclinical reservoirs for prion diseases as observed with scrapie and CWD, and that the presence of prions can be detected in pigs short after exposure to prions7,10,11.</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, our findings suggest that, although pigs present a strong transmission barrier against the propagation of atypical scrapie, they can propagate low levels of C-BSE prions. The prevalence of atypical scrapie and the presence of infectivity in tissues from atypical scrapie infected sheep are underestimated24,25. Given that pigs have demonstrated being susceptible to other prion diseases, and to propagate prions without showing signs of disease, the measures implemented to ban the inclusion of ruminant proteins in livestock feed must not be interrupted.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03352651/document" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03352651/document</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> However, the possible transmission of a TSE to swine is a public health concern due to the wide use of pork as a source of human food, and the increasing use of pigs as tissue donors, being reported a case of vCJD in a human patient receiving a swine dura mater graf20. Although pigs are apparently non-susceptible to C-BSE after oral challenge4,5,21, infectivity has been detected in tissues from pigs orally inoculated with classical scrapie or CWD10,11. In addition, these positive orally inoculated pigs are often subclinical, what could represent a public health concern, considering that these animals could reach the slaughterhouse without showing signs suggestive of prion disease.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: We have previously shown that the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent from white-tailed deer can be transmitted to domestic pigs via intracranial or oral inoculation although with low attack rates and restricted PrPSc accumulation. The objective of this study was to assess the potential for cross-species transmission of pig-passaged CWD using bioassay in transgenic mice. Transgenic mice expressing human (Tg40), bovine (TgBovXV) or porcine (Tg002) PRNP were inoculated intracranially with 1% brain homogenate from a pig that had been intracranially inoculated with a pool of CWD from white-tailed deer. This pig developed neurological clinical signs, was euthanized at 64 months post-inoculation, and PrPSc was detected in the brain. Mice were monitored daily for clinical signs of disease until the end of the study. Mice were considered positive if PrPSc was detected in the brain using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein the average incubation period was 167 days post-inoculation (dpi) and 3/27 mice were EIA positive (attack rate = 11%). All 3 mice were found dead and clinical signs were not noted prior to death. One transgenic mouse expressing bovine prion protein was euthanized due to excessive scratching at 617 dpi and 2 mice culled at the end of the study at 700 dpi were EIA positive resulting in an overall attack rate of 3/16 (19%). None of the transgenic mice expressing human prion protein that died or were euthanized up to 769 dpi were EIA positive and at study end point at 800 dpi 2 mice had positive EIA results (overall attack rate = 2/20 = 10%). The EIA optical density (OD) readings for all positive mice were at the lower end of the reference range (positive mice range, OD = 0.266-0.438; test positive reference range, OD = 0.250-4.000). To the authors’ knowledge, cervid-derived CWD isolates have not been successfully transmitted to transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, S - Orise Fellow item Smith, Jodi - Iowa State University item Kunkle, Robert item West Greenlee, M - Iowa State University Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 8/12/2015 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes revealed PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=317901</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">EFSA </div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="color: black;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.668</a><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental Oral Transmission of Atypical Scrapie to Sheep</div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3321785/pdf/10-1654_finalR.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Eric D. Cassmann,Najiba Mammadova,S. Jo Moore,Sylvie Benestad,Justin J. Greenlee </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Published: February 11, 2021</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246503</a></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">PLEASE NOTE;</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv3041072968ydp3f1e6cf8yiv2993627181AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ivett Ackermann 1 , Reiner Ulrich 2 , Kerstin Tauscher 3 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola 1,4 , Markus Keller 1 , James C. Shawulu 1,5, Mark Arnold 6 , Stefanie Czub 7 , Martin H. Groschup 1 and Anne Balkema-Buschmann 1,*</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Ivett.Ackermann@fli.de (I.A.); fatolan@yahoo.com (O.I.F.); Markus.Keller@fli.de (M.K.); james.shawulu@ymail.com (J.C.S.); Martin.Groschup@fli.de (M.H.G.) 2 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; reiner.ulrich@vetmed.uni-leipzig.de 3 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; Kerstin_Tauscher@gmx.de 4 Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria 5 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja 900105, Nigeria 6 Animal and Plant Health Agency Sutton Bonington, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RB, UK; Mark.Arnold@apha.gov.uk 7 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada; stefanie.czub37@gmail.com * Correspondence: anne.buschmann@fli.de</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract: After oral exposure of cattle with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), the infectious agent ascends from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) primarily via the autonomic nervous system. However, the timeline of this progression has thus far remained widely undetermined. Previous studies were focused on later time points after oral exposure of animals that were already 4 to 6 months old when challenged. In contrast, in this present study, we have orally inoculated 4 to 6 weeks old unweaned calves with high doses of BSE to identify any possible BSE infectivity and/or PrPBSE in peripheral nervous tissues during the first eight months postinoculation (mpi). For the detection of BSE infectivity, we used a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, while PrPBSE depositions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We were able to show that as early as 8 mpi the thoracic spinal cord as well as the parasympathetic nodal ganglion of these animals contained PrPBSE and BSE infectivity. This shows that the centripetal prion spread starts early after challenge at least in this age group, which represents an essential piece of information for the risk assessments for food, feed, and pharmaceutical products produced from young calves.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">5. Conclusions</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In summary, we detected PrPBSE and BSE infectivity as early as 8 mpi in the nodal ganglion as well as in the thoracic spinal cord from one calf challenged before weaning in this study and also at eight mpi in the thoracic spinal cord sampled from cattle challenged at 4 to 6 months of age during an earlier pathogenesis study [5,20]. This current study considerably expands the existing data on the early C-BSE pathogenesis by demonstrating that after challenge with an unnaturally high dose of 100 g BSE-positive brainstem tissue, parts of the peripheral and central nervous system from cattle may already contain PrPBSE and BSE infectivity after short time periods up to 8 months after oral infection, which should be considered relevant information for risk assessments for food and pharmaceutical products.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.mdpi.com/article/10%20.3390/ijms222111310/s1" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/ijms222111310/s1</a> . </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: prion protein; BSE; infectivity; PrPBSE; cattle; peripheral and central nervous system; protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA)</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/21/11310/pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2009 CONFERENCE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">P.9.21 Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of Calgary, Canada</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle. Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres.</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. * It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. *** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. *** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">=====</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">October 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">O.11.3</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Infectivity in skeletal muscle of BASE-infected cattle</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Silvia Suardi1, Chiara Vimercati1, Fabio Moda1, Ruggerone Margherita1, Ilaria Campagnani1, Guerino Lombardi2, Daniela Gelmetti2, Martin H. Groschup3, Anne Buschmann3, Cristina Casalone4, Maria Caramelli4, Salvatore Monaco5, Gianluigi Zanusso5, Fabrizio Tagliavini1 1Carlo Besta” Neurological Institute,Italy; 2IZS Brescia, Italy; 33FLI Insel Riems, D, Germany; 4CEA-IZS Torino, Italy; 5University of Verona, Italy</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: BASE is an atypical form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy caused by a prion strain distinct from that of BSE. Upon experimental transmission to cattle, BASE induces a previously unrecognized disease phenotype marked by mental dullness and progressive atrophy of hind limb musculature. Whether affected muscles contain infectivity is unknown. This is a critical issue since the BASE strain is readily transmissible to a variety of hosts including primates, suggesting that humans may be susceptible.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Objectives: To investigate the distribution of infectivity in peripheral tissues of cattle experimentally infected with BASE. Methods: Groups of Tg mice expressing bovine PrP (Tgbov XV, n= 7-15/group) were inoculated both i.c. and i.p. with 10% homogenates of a variety of tissues including brain, spleen, cervical lymph node, kidney and skeletal muscle (m. longissimus dorsi) from cattle intracerebrally infected with BASE. No PrPres was detectable in the peripheral tissues used for inoculation either by immunohistochemistry or Western blot.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results: Mice inoculated with BASE-brain homogenates showed clinical signs of disease with incubation and survival times of 175±15 and 207±12 days. Five out of seven mice challenged with skeletal muscle developed a similar neurological disorder, with incubation and survival times of 380±11 and 410±12 days. At present (700 days after inoculation) mice challenged with the other peripheral tissues are still healthy. The neuropathological phenotype and PrPres type of the affected mice inoculated either with brain or muscle were indistinguishable and matched those of Tgbov XV mice infected with natural BASE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: Our data indicate that the skeletal muscle of cattle experimentally infected with BASE contains significant amount of infectivity, at variance with BSE-affected cattle, raising the issue of intraspecies transmission and the potential risk for humans. Experiments are in progress to assess the presence of infectivity in skeletal muscles of natural BASE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">=====</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.5.3</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Differences in the expression levels of selected genes in the brain tissue of cattle naturally infected with classical and atypical BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Magdalena Larska1, Miroslaw P. Polak1, Jan F. Zmudzinski1, Juan M. Torres2 1National Veterinary Institute, Poland; 2CISA/INIA</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: Recently cases of BSE in older cattle named BSE type L and type H were distinguished on the basis of atypical glycoprofiles of PrPres. The nature of those strains is still not fully understood but it is suspected that the atypical BSE cases are sporadic. Hitherto most BSE cases were studied in respect to the features of PrPSc. Here we propose gene expression profiling as a method to characterize and distinguish BSE strains.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the activities of some factors which are known to play a role in TSE’s pathogenesis in order to distinguish the differences/similarities between all BSE types. Methods: 10 % homogenate of brain stem tissue collected from obex region of medulla oblongata from 20 naturally infected BSE cows (8 assigned as classical BSE, other 8 and 4 infected with atypical BSE L type and H type respectively) was used in the study. As negative control animals we’ve used 8 animals in the age between 2.5 and 13 years. The genes were relatively quantified using SYBR Green real time RT-PCR. Raw data of Ct values was transformed into normalized relative quantities using Qbase Plus®.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results and Discussion: In most of the tested genes significant differences in the expression levels between the brain stem of healthy cattle and animals infected with different BSE types were observed. In c-type BSE in comparison to healthy and atypical BSE the overexpression of the gene of bcl-2, caspase 3, 14-3-3 and tylosine kinase Fyn was significant. Simultaneously in atypical BSEs type-L and type-H the levels of prion protein, Bax and LPR gene was elevated in comparison to c-BSE. Additionally L-BSE was characterized by the overexpression of STI1 and SOD genes compared to the other of BSE types. The downregulation of the gene encoding NCAM1 was observed in all BSE types in comparison to healthy cows. Different gene expression profiles of bovine brains infected with classical and atypical BSE indicates possible different pathogenesis or source of the disease.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">O.10.1</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of uncommon forms of bovine prions to transgenic mice expressing human PrP: questions and progress</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Vincent Béringue, Hubert Laude INRA, UR 892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, France</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The active, large-scale testing of livestock nervous tissues for the presence of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) has led to the recognition of 2 uncommon PrPres molecular signatures, termed H-type and L-type BSE. Their experimental transmission to various transgenic and inbred mouse lines unambiguously demonstrated the infectious nature of such cases and the existence of distinct prion strains in cattle. Like the classical BSE agent, H- and L-type (or BASE) prions can propagate in heterologous species. In addition L-type prions acquire molecular and neuropathologic phenotypic traits undistinguishable from BSE or BSE-related agents upon transmission to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP (VRQ allele) or wild-type mice. An understanding of the transmission properties of these newly recognized prions when confronted with human PrP sequence was therefore needed. Toward this end, we inoculated mice expressing human PrP Met129 with several field isolates. Unlike classical BSE agent, L-type prions appeared to propagate in these mice with no obvious transmission barrier. In contrast, we repeatedly failed to infect them with Htype prions. Ongoing investigations aim to extend the knowledge on these uncommon strains: are these agents able to colonize lymphoid tissue, a potential key factor for successful transmission by peripheral route; is there any relationship between these assumedly sporadic forms of TSE in cattle and some sporadic forms of human CJD are among the issues that need to be addressed for a careful assessment of the risk for cattle-to-human transmission of H- and L-type prions.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">O.4.3</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">O.4.4</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">PrPSc distribution pattern in cattle experimentally challenged with H-type and L-type atypical BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Anne Buschmann1, Ute Ziegler1, Leila McIntyre2, Markus Keller1, Ron Rogers3, Bob Hills3, Martin H. Groschup1 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, INEID, Germany; 2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; 3Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type BSE, the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution in cattle affected with these forms was fully open. From initial studies, it was already known that the PrPSc distribution in L-type BSE affected cattle differed from that known for classical BSE (C-type) where the obex region always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved. No information was available on the distribution pattern in H-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Objectives: To analyse the PrPSc and infectivity distribution in cattle experimentally challenged with H-type and L-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: We analysed CNS and peripheral tissue samples collected from cattle that were intracranially challenged with Htype (five animals) and L-type (six animals) using a commercial BSE rapid test (IDEXX HerdChek), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a highly sensitive Western blot protocol including a phosphotungstic acid precipitation of PrPSc (PTA-WB). Samples collected during the preclinical and the clinical stages of the disease were examined. For the detection of BSE infectivity, selected samples were also inoculated into highly sensitive Tgbov XV mice overexpressing bovine prion protein (PrPC).</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results: Analysis of a collection of fifty samples from the peripheral nervous, lymphoreticular, digestive, reproductive, respiratory and musculo-skeletal systems by PTA-WB, IDEXXHerdChek BSE EIA and IHC revealed a general restriction of the PrPSc accumulation to the central nervous system.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: Our results on the PrPSc distribution in peripheral tissues of cattle affected with H-type and L-type BSE are generally in accordance with what has been known for C-type BSE. Bioassays are ongoing in highly sensitive transgenic mice in order to reveal infectivity.</div></div></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</div><div><br /></div></div></div><div>http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf<br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color: #222222;">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf </span><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color: #222222;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130722061805/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20130722061805/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a><span style="color: #222222;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>P03.137</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC</div><div><br /></div><div>Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan</div><div><br /></div><div>Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.</div><div><br /></div><div>P04.27</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div><br /></div><div>Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div><div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Received 27 July 2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DISCUSSION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...end</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">P04.27</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasm�zas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; L�wer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat � l�Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit�, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Background:</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Aims:</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Methods:</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Results:</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Conclusions:</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study �BSE in primates� supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20171222021848/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Corinne Ida Lasm�zas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Fr�d�ric Auvr�, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sal�s, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0�1 mg 0�01 mg</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-size: 12px;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv3041072968ydp88517ad2yiv2379537524ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv3041072968ydp88517ad2yiv2379537524ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16423572/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">DEFRA </span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;">snip..... </div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/03/</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">a review of a few banned mad cow feed in the USA, too many to list all of them;</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><br /></div><div> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div><br /></div><div>Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>______________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>a) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>b) None</div><div><br /></div><div>c) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>d) Bulk</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>###</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>42,090 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>WI</div><div><br /></div><div>___________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>PRODUCT</div><div><br /></div><div>Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div><br /></div><div>CODE</div><div><br /></div><div>The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div><br /></div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div><br /></div><div>Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div><br /></div><div>REASON</div><div><br /></div><div>Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div><br /></div><div>9,997,976 lbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>DISTRIBUTION</div><div><br /></div><div>ID and NV</div><div><br /></div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, OCTOBER 10, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No: 2002N-0273 (formerly Docket No. 02N-0273) Substances Prohibited From Use in Animal Food and Feed Scientists Comments December 20, 2005</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/docket-no-2002n-0273-formerly-docket-no.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/docket-no-2002n-0273-formerly-docket-no.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>This information is critical, and should continue to be collected.</div><div><br /></div><div>The TSE prion is spreading across the USA in Cervid as in CWD TSE Prion.</div><div><br /></div><div>The mad cow surveillance, feed ban, testing, and SRM removal there from, has been, and still is, a terrible failure.</div><div><br /></div><div>WE know that the USA Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 was/is a colossal failure, and proven to be so year after year, decade after decade, and this was just admitted by the FDA et al (see below FDA Reports on VFD Compliance Sept. 2019 report).</div><div><br /></div><div>God, all these decades you hear from all the warning letters on SRM that were released to the public for consumption, that even if they did eat a SRM, the BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 would save that tissue from that animal from having a TSE Prion, was nothing but lies. what about those children all across the USA that were fed the most high risk cattle for mad cow disease, i.e. dead stock downer cows via the USDA School lunch program, who will watch those kids for the next 50 years for cjd tse prion aka mad cow disease, let alone all the folks consuming SRMs that have been exposed to mad cow type disease in different livestock species, due to the fact the USA colossal failure of the BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997. it's all documented below, see for yourself; SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, September 10, 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a></div><div><br /></div><div>To: "'<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a>'" <a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Asante</div><div><br /></div><div><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a> (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: <a href="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk">e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk</a> (active from now)</div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div></div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div><br /></div><div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OIE</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REFERENCES</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </span></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div>SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div><br /></div><div>***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">SNIP...SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical L-type BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Atypical H-type BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Published: 23 June 2011</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">References...END</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div><div>Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div>Sandor Dudas , Renee Anderson , Antanas Staskevicus, Gordon Mitchell , James C. Cross & Stefanie Czub Pages 1-11 | Received 29 Oct 2020, Accepted 22 Dec 2020, Published online: 04 Jan 2021 Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2020.1869495</div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT </div><div><br /></div><div>Since the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), researchers have orally challenged cattle with infected brain material to study various aspects of disease pathogenesis. Unlike most other pathogens, oral BSE challenge does not always result in the expected clinical presentation and pathology. In a recent study, steers were challenged orally with BSE and all developed clinical signs and were sacrificed and tested. However, despite a similar incubation and clinical presentation, one of the steers did not have detectable PrPSc in its brain. Samples from this animal were analysed for genetic differences as well as for the presence of in vitro PrPSc seeding activity or infectivity to determine the BSE status of this animal and the potential reasons that it was different. Seeding activity was detected in the brainstem of the abnormal steer but it was approximately one million times less than that found in the normal BSE positive steers. Intra-cranial challenge of bovinized transgenic mice resulted in no transmission of disease. The abnormal steer had different genetic sequences in non-coding regions of the PRNP gene but detection of similar genotypes in Canadian BSE field cases, that showed the expected brain pathology, suggested these differences may not be the primary cause of the abnormal result. Breed composition analysis showed a higher Hereford content in the abnormal steer as well as in two Canadian atypical BSE field cases and several additional abnormal experimental animals. This study could point towards a possible impact of breed composition on BSE pathogenesis.</div><div><br /></div><div>Snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring potential reasons for unexpected results in cattle challenged orally with classical BSE. While initial testing suggested that steer 3 was negative for BSE, in vitro conversion demonstrated the presence of amyloid seeds that could be amplified from the brainstem, although at very low levels. Transgenic mouse bioassay did not, by contrast, detect infectivity in this brain tissue. Based on the evidence to date, it appears that differences in the PRNP gene itself do not fully account for the abnormal presentation but that other genetic differences are important. Previous studies have indicated that breed effects can overshadow PRNP polymorphisms and breed has been identified as a risk factor for BSE in a German cohorts [23,24]. Breed composition analysis indicates that, in our small cohort of experimental animals and Canadian BSE field cases, a high Hereford breed composition corresponds with abnormal or atypical BSE. Further exploration of high density SNP genotyping used for the breed composition analysis will hopefully identify particular genomic regions and associated genes which may be contributing to the Hereford breed associated BSE abnormalities.</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2020.1869495" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2020.1869495</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div>Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue</div><div><br /></div><div>Vet Res. 2018; 49: 122.</div><div><br /></div><div>Published online 2018 Dec 20. doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0618-7</div><div><br /></div><div>PMCID: PMC6302288</div><div><br /></div><div>PMID: 30572960</div><div><br /></div><div>Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue</div><div><br /></div><div>Christine Fast, Markus Keller, Martin Kaatz, Ute Ziegler, and Martin H. Groschupcorresponding author</div><div><br /></div><div>Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE infectivity in mesentery fat is most likely associated with embedded nervous tissue. To prove this mesentery containing celiac ganglion was taken from oral BSE infected cattle in different stages of the disease and from one control animal. Fat was rendered according to standard tallow production methods and the prion infectivity therein analysed in transgenic mouse bioassay. Rendered fat of the clinical animal revealed low infectivity levels, whereas preclinical and control animals remained negative. This study, although not representative, provides a proof of principle, indicating the potential contamination of melted mesenteric fat by embedded nervous structures during standard tallow production.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion The results presented here indicate that a certain amount of BSE infectivity must be present in the mesentery to contaminate the rendered fat in a detectable level during tallow production methods. As shown by [8] BSE infectivity increases in the CMGC of orally BSE infected cattle from early to late preclinical up to the highest levels at clinical stage. Hence, it comes without surprise that the infectious fat presented here originates from the CMGC of the clinical animal, which also showed a clear PrPSc accumulation pattern [8]. Additionally these results are in accordance with the infectivity data reported for fat tissue of CWD infected deer at later stages of the disease [12].</div><div><br /></div><div>In our hands only low level of infectivity were found. However, the experimental adipose/CMGC tissue dilution factor needed for the fat rendering should also be considered, so the actual infectious load of the samples might be higher. However, the low infectivity load found here might explain why earlier studies failed to detect BSE infectivity in adipose tissue. For one reason this studies did not definitely regard nerves and ganglia which are involved in the pathogenesis of BSE and for another reason less susceptible conventional wild type mice were used [10, 15, 16]. Interestingly omental fat of deer infected with CWD at a clinical stage revealed a much higher infectivity level as compared to our results [12]. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that these differences might be due to the qualitative and quantitative more widespread CWD distribution in bodily tissues [17] as compared to cattle BSE. However, it has to bear in mind that the two TSE strains are different, different mouse line were used and neither for CWD samples nor for our BSE sample a calibration curve for infectivity exist. Nevertheless, it would be of interest to what extent rendered fat could be contaminated by using mesentery from sheep and goats infected with classical scrapie or BSE, all entities showing in most cases a higher PrPSc accumulation in the autonomous nervous system than BSE infected cattle [18–21].</div><div><br /></div><div>Our results, in particular the close relationship with the infectivity/PrPSc data of the CMGC samples, clearly support the widespread accepted assumption that infectivity in the mesentery is most probably associated with nerves and autonomous ganglia [9], whereas the direct involvement of fatty cells is uncertain [11]. Another source of infectivity could be in mesentery fat embedded lymph nodes. However, no infectivity has ever been detected in mesenterial lymph nodes of BSE infected cattle so far [13, 22] and all grossly evident lymphoreticular tissue was removed from our samples. Additionally a long term study showed that full blood transfusion from clinical BSE infected cattle to naïve calves did not transmit BSE [23]. Therefore, a blood contamination of the sample as possible source of infectivity is highly unlikely. Furthermore, as all tissue remnants in the rendered fat were removed by a centrifugation step before inoculation, all infectivity must be bound to the liquid fat solely.</div><div><br /></div><div>These results might not be representative due to the small sample size and therefore provide only a proof of principle. In particular with regard to the negative early and late preclinical samples, there still remain some uncertainties, which can only be resolved by a more extended, that say statistical profound study. However, the inocula were generated according to standard tallow production methods [9], therefore our results clearly show that such a contamination is conceivable. Rendered fat can been used for food (i.e. premier jus, frying agent), pet food and feed application [24], therefore BSE/TSE infectivity could enter both the food and feed chain. At the time of writing the current SRM legislation prevented the usage of mesentery fat from animals whose origin is from countries with controlled or undetermined BSE risk. However, this regulation is still under discussion and might be changed in near future (EU Commission, personal communication).</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302288/pdf/13567_2018_Article_618.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6302288/pdf/13567_2018_Article_618.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>P169 Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Christine Fast1, Dr. Markus Keller2, Dr. Ute Ziegler3, Prof. Dr. Martin Groschup4 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany, 2Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany, 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany, 4Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany</div><div><br /></div><div>Aims: Specified Risk Materials (SRM) are the animal tissues potentially containing the highest levels of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) prions; and their removal is the most important consumer protection measure against BSE. BSE infectivity in the mesentery fat is most likely associated with embedded nervous tissue. To date, it is unclear if contamination of the rendered fat could have occurred during tallow production at a slaughterhouse.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: Samples were taken from five cattle originating from the German BSE pathogenesis study. Two animals were at preclinical, one at late preclinical and one animal at clinical stage of disease; one control animal was included. For all cattle, mouse bioassay results for the celiac and mesenteric ganglion complex (CMGC) were generated previously, showing either no, mild, moderate or substantial infectivity loads. Fat was rendered from CMGC samples embedded in mesentery fat by incubating for 20 minutes at 95°C, according to standard tallow production methods. Subsequently, the melted fat was 1:5 diluted in physiological saline and thoroughly vortexed. The liquid fat was cleaned by a short centrifugation at 10.000 rpm. Finally, 7-12 bovine prion protein overexpressing transgenic mice (Tgbov XV) were i.c. inoculated with 25-30 μl of the supernatant. Mice were sacrificed after 730 days or when showing clinical symptoms and mouse brains were subsequently examined by biochemical and immunohistochemical methods.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Neither the control and the preclinical nor the late preclinical animals showed signs of infectivity in mouse bioassay of the fat samples after up to 730 days p.i. In contrast, low levels of infectivity were detected in the fat of the clinical animal as one mouse displayed a clear accumulation of pathological prion protein in the brain after an incubation period of 598 days p.i.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions: Our results clearly indicate the potential contamination of melted mesenteric fat by embedded nervous structures during standard tallow production. However, the BSE infectivity level was weak and detectable only in the fat rendered from one sample with documented high infectivity load in the ganglion itself (Kaatz et al. 2012). Albeit, this study is not representative as only one clinical animal was included, it provides a proof of principle. A broader examination would allow a better insight into temporal and spatial distribution pattern of BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissues of different origins. Such estimates have a critical role in qualitative and quantitative risk assessments and in providing advice on the designation and removal of certain SRM tissues.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20190305183011/http://prion2017.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PRION-2017-A-Z-of-Abstracts-by-Presenter_2-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20190305183011/http://prion2017.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PRION-2017-A-Z-of-Abstracts-by-Presenter_2-2.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vtt1kAVDhDQ&t=3718s" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vtt1kAVDhDQ&t=3718s</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>PRION2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO UPDATE</div><div><br /></div><div>PRION2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO UPDATE 23 – 26 May 2017 Edinburgh</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_G-8DJqMqt0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/embed/_G-8DJqMqt0</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/PRION2017?src=hash" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/hashtag/PRION2017?src=hash</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">''Such estimates have a critical role in qualitative and quantitative risk assessments and in providing advice on the designation and removal of certain SRM tissues.''<br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br /></div><div>In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). </div><div><br /></div><div>The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div><br /></div><div>Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US Htype BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div><br /></div><div>At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div><br /></div><div>Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div><br /></div><div>Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div><br /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>O10 Zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions: a systematic evaluation </div><div><br /></div><div>Marín-Moreno A (1), Espinosa JC (1), Douet JY (2), Aguilar-Calvo P (1), Píquer J (1), Lorenzo P (1), Lacroux C (2), Huor A (2), Lugan S (2), Tillier C (2), Andreoletti O (2) and Juan María Torres (1) </div><div><br /></div><div>(1) Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.(2) UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France. </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the only zoonotic prion recognized to date. The transmission of BSE to humans caused the emergence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). In 2004 two new atypical prion agents were identified in cattle: H- and L- BSE prion strains. </div><div><br /></div><div>The zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions was assessed by inoculating three different isolates of cattle H- and L-BSE in transgenic mouse lines that overexpress the human PrP covering the three different genotypes of the aminoacid 129 (TgMet129, TgMet/Val129 and TgVal129). This polymorphism is known to be a key element involved in human resistance/susceptibility to BSE. In addition, TgMet129 and TgVal129 were challenged with one H- and L-BSE isolates adapted to sheep PrP expressing hosts to assess if intermediate passage in sheep could modify the capacity of these prions to cross the human species barrier. </div><div><br /></div><div>Our results confirm that L-BSE transmits to TgMet129 even better than epidemic BSE. However, atypical L-BSE agent was unable to infect TgVal129 or TgMet/Val129 mice, even after passage in TgMet129. No transmission was observed with H-BSE in any mice model inoculated, irrespectively of the 129 polymorphism. After passage in sheep PrP expressing host, the properties of both H and LBSE including their capacity to cross the human species barrier were dramatically affected, emerging prion strains features that resemble those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). </div><div><br /></div><div>To date, this is the more extensive and complete analysis of the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions. These results advise not to ignore the zoonotic potential of these agents.</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>P77 In vitro approach to estimate the human transmission risk of prions </div><div><br /></div><div>Iwamaru Y (1) Imamura M (2) Matsuura Y (1) Kohtaro Miyazawa (1) Takashi Yokoyama (3) </div><div><br /></div><div>(1 ) National Institute of Animal Health, Prion Disease Unit, Ibaraki, Japan (2) University of Miyazaki, Division of Microbiology, Miyazaki, Japan (3) National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Planning and General Administration, Ibaraki, Japan. </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. The key event in the pathogenesis of these disease is the conversion of host-encoded normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its pathogenic isoform (PrPSc) and its accumulation in the central nervous system. One of the characteristics of prion is the species barrier that limits the transmission between different species. Currently, bioassays using transgenic mice (Tg) overexpressing PrP of different species have become valuable tools for assessing cross species transmissibility of prions. </div><div><br /></div><div>The recent reports describing the emergence of novel bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from H-BSE and the transmission of chronic wasting disease to swine have generated concerns of human infections of newly identified prions. Although Tg expressing human PrP have been used to model human susceptibility to animal prions, these experiments are costly and time-consuming. In addition, the results of bioassays are influenced by the lines of transgenic mice used and the lifespan of the challenged animals. These factors are needed to be taken into account when assessing the human risk of prions. </div><div><br /></div><div>In attempt to develop the more time- and cost-saving method for assessment of the human transmission risk of prions, we performed experiments using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique to investigate whether PMCA can be compatible with bioassay. Using brain homogenates of Tg expressing bovine PrP as the PrP substrate, we optimized the versatile PMCA condition that could amplify PrPSc from cattle affected with C-, H- or L-BSE. We measured the 50% PMCA seeding activity dose and the 50% lethal dose in 1 g equivalent of C-, H- or L-BSE cattle brain tissue by using PMCA or bioassay, respectively, and assessed the correlations between these doses. </div><div><br /></div><div>===== </div><div><br /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br /></div><div>reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div><div><br /></div><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><h3 class="yiv3041072968ydpa351cea5post-title yiv3041072968ydpa351cea5entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</h3><div><br /></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydpa351cea5post-header"><div class="yiv3041072968ydpa351cea5post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydpa351cea5post-body yiv3041072968ydpa351cea5entry-content" id="yiv3041072968ydpa351cea5post-body-7279510152133343818"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Title: Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Author item Greenlee, Justin item Cassmann, Eric item MOORE, SARA JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Publication Acceptance Date: 6/24/2022</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Publication Date: 9/16/2022</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S., West Greenlee, H.M. 2022. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries. 16(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286.</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">DOI: <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Technical Abstract: </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n=3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n=4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation. Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57-4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. All cattle in the EE211 recipient group remain asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation). This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''</div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">=============== </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">=============== </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">============== </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div><div>Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or horderves.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">Thursday, November 28, 2013</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse), not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ???</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">Saturday, September 21, 2013</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ???</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">try this link ;</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; padding: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 13.8px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Sunday, November 13, 2011</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer livestock</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Wednesday, March 2, 2016</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">RANCHO He did not know that they were placing healthy cow heads next to suspect carcasses BSE TSE Prion</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Sunday, June 14, 2015</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Larry’s Custom Meats Inc. Recalls Beef Tongue Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials BSE TSE Prion</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150728075819/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/FSIS-Content/internet/main/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2015/recall-090-2015-release" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20150728075819/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/FSIS-Content/internet/main/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2015/recall-090-2015-release</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Thursday, June 12, 2014</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Missouri Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials 4,012 pounds of fresh beef products because the dorsal root ganglia may not have been completely removed</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150724192714/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2014/recall-034-2014-release" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20150724192714/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2014/recall-034-2014-release</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Saturday, November 10, 2012</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That May Contain Specified Risk Materials Nov 9, 2012 WI Firm Recalls Beef Tongues</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20121114001151/http://www.fsis.usda.gov:80/News_&_Events/Recall_073_2012_Release/index.asp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20121114001151/http://www.fsis.usda.gov:80/News_&_Events/Recall_073_2012_Release/index.asp</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Saturday, July 23, 2011</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.perishablenews.com/meatpoultry/ohios-valley-farm-meats-issues-beef-recall/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.perishablenews.com/meatpoultry/ohios-valley-farm-meats-issues-beef-recall/</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/07/ohio-company-recalls-beef-products/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2011/07/ohio-company-recalls-beef-products/</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Sunday, October 18, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100304181234/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_055_2009_Release/index.asp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100304181234/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_055_2009_Release/index.asp</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Thursday, October 15, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100710162028/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_053_2009_Release/index.asp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100710162028/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_053_2009_Release/index.asp</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Thursday, June 26, 2008</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100410065321/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_020_2008_Release/index.asp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100410065321/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_020_2008_Release/index.asp</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Tuesday, July 1, 2008</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100410065251/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_021_2008_Release/index.asp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100410065251/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_021_2008_Release/index.asp</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> <br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Friday, August 8, 2008</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs 941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100410064923/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_028_2008_Release/index.asp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100410064923/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_028_2008_Release/index.asp</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100410064932/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/RC_028-2008_SP.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100410064932/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/RC_028-2008_SP.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Saturday, April 5, 2008</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100410071432/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_012_2008_Release/index.asp" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100410071432/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/Recall_012_2008_Release/index.asp</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/700" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/700</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">CONCLUSION The consumption of bovine tongue involves a limited risk to public health because the lingual tonsil is not completely removed by the excision method currently employed. By establishing the exact location of the lingual lymphoid tissue an alternative incision is proposed here that combines the maximum removal of the lingual tonsil, and thus a maximum reduction in the risk to public health, with minimal loss of lingual muscle tissue. Recent studies of the occurrence and spread of prions in laboratory animals and sheep, however, suggest that, even if the bovine tongue is completely free from lymphoid tissue, there is possibly still a certain risk. Action must be taken at European level if we are to continue to guarantee that food of animal origin is 100% safe for the consumer. </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Thymuses from veal calves may be eaten with an easy mind because of the late spread of prions to this organ<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.700" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2008.700</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Friday, October 15, 2010</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">In this manuscript we report for the first time that BSE infectivity can be accumulated in the tongue and nasal mucosa of cattle in the clinical phase of a BSE infection. This fact may pose a health risk for the consumer, since to date tongue muscular tissue is not listed as specified risk material and is regularly consumed. Although we were able to demonstrate the high sensitivity of our Tgbov XVadapted PMCA protocol, we were unable to decipher any PrPSc accumulation in these tissues that, however, contained considerable amounts of BSE infectivity.<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20943888/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20943888/</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/92/2/467.pdf?expires=1670185093&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=EDE46E920ADEE225E4DCC12840281115" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/92/2/467.pdf?expires=1670185093&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=EDE46E920ADEE225E4DCC12840281115</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_rewritten="1" fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #c81a00; color: #888888; cursor: pointer; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px;" target="_blank">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>Title: Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item MAMMADOVA, NAJIBA - Orise Fellow item CASSMAN, ERIC - Orise Fellow item Greenlee, Justin</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Research in Veterinary Science</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 10/14/2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 12/20/2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Mammadova, N., Cassman, E., Greenlee, J.J. 2020. Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion. Research in Veterinary Science. 133:304-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.009.</div><div><br /></div><div>DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.009</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of cervids that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Chronic wasting disease may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals. Few studies have also reported detection of infectious prions in blood. To determine if CWD-infected blood can transmit prion disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer. We found that two out of three animals developed disease. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD. This information is useful to wildlife and agricultural officials that are involved in efforts to control the spread of chronic wasting disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) that affects free-ranging and captive cervid species. The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals. Studies have also demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals. To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer. We found that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood transfusion with a mean incubation period of approximately 35 months and an attack rate of 100%. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373622" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373622</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Successful transmission of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to white-tailed deer by intravenous blood transfusion </div><div><br /></div><div>Najiba Mammadovaa,b, Eric Cassmanna,b, Justin J. Greenleea,* aVirus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA bOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), USA ARTICLE INFO </div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: Blood transfusion Cervid CWD Prion disease Prions in blood White-tailed deer </div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT </div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) that affects free-ranging and captive cervid species. The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva, placenta tissue) of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals. Studies have also demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals. To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer were inoculated intravenously (IV) with blood derived from a CWD- infected white-tailed deer. We found that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood transfusion. The incubation period was associated with recipient prion protein genotype at codon 96 with the GG96 recipient incubating for 25.6 months and the GS96 recipient incubating for 43.6 months. This study complements and supports an earlier finding that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white-tailed deer with CWD. </div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSEs) of cervids. Other TSEs include scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and sporadic and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The CWD agent has a wide host range among various species of free- ranging and captive cervids, including mule deer (Odocoileus hemi-onus) (Williams & Young, 1980; Spraker et al., 1997; Miller & Wild, 2004), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Spraker et al., 1997; Miller & Wild, 2004), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) (Williams & Young, 1982), moose (Alces alces shirasi) (Baeten et al., 2007; Kreeger et al., 2006), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) (Benestad et al., 2016; Moore et al., 2016). The infectious agent of CWD may be transmitted from ingestion of prions shed in bodily fluids (e.g. feces, urine, saliva) or placenta tissue of infected animals, contaminated pastures, and/or decomposing carcasses from dead animals (Haley et al., 2011; Haley et al., 2009; Mathiason et al., 2010; Mathiason et al., 2006). A limited number of reports have demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood or blood fractions of CWD infected animals (Mathiason et al., 2010; Mathiason et al., 2006; Kramm et al., 2017). To determine if CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease, recipient deer consisting of three female deer of approximately 2 years of age were inoculated intravenously (IV) with 100 mL of blood immediately after collection from a CWD-infected white-tailed deer (animal ID: 936). Deer 936 was a 21.8-month-old male white-tailed deer that was intracranially (IC) inoculated with 1 mL of a 10% (wt./vol) brain homogenate (derived from a pool of white- tailed deer brainstem material from Wisconsin) at 3 months of age. The procedure for IC inoculation of fawns has been described previously (Greenlee et al., 2011). Donor deer 936 presented with clinical signs of neurologic disease approximately ~17.8 months post inoculation at which time blood was collected by jugular venipuncture into 50 mL syringes containing 7 mL of citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution anticoagulant (CPDA-1) that were immediately pooled and used as inoculum. Deer 936 was determined CWD positive based on accumu-lation of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the brainstem at the level of the obex, the palatine tonsil, and the retropharyngeal lymph node (RLN). Recipient deer were initially housed in separate biosafety level 2 facilities following exposure to CWD. Non-inoculated control deer (n =3) were kept with the CWD-free herd on pasture at the National Animal Disease Center. All white-tailed deer (including donor animals) were genotyped and determined to be homozygous QQ at codons 95 and 226, but there were polymorphisms at codon 96. The donor deer (936) and two recipient deer (940, 942) were homozygous G at codon 96, and a single recipient deer (941) was het-erozygous GS at codon 96.</div><div><br /></div><div>The animals were fed pelleted growth and maintenance rations that contained no ruminant protein, and clean water was available ad libi-tum. Deer were observed daily for the development of clinical signs of CWD (e.g., behavioral abnormalities, excess salivation, and emaciation) and were euthanized at the onset of unequivocal clinical signs of disease, or at the end of the observation period. At necropsy, duplicate tissue samples were collected and either frozen or stored in 10% buffered neutral formalin. For detection of PrPSc, slides were stained by an automated immunohistochemistry (IHC) method using primary anti-body F99/F96.7.1, described previously (Greenlee et al., 2012; Greenlee et al., 2006). </div><div><br /></div><div>At the completion of the study, two of the three IV inoculated deer were determined CWD positive. The two positive deer presented with clinical signs and were euthanized at 25.6- and 43.6-months post inoculation. These deer had detectable pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) in the CNS and various non-CNS tissues (lymphoid tissues comprised of retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN), tonsils (palatine and pharyngeal), spleen, recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT), gut- associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the small intestines, and the enteric nervous system (Table 1). Deer #942 was euthanized 2.9 months post inoculation due to intercurrent disease, and no PrPSc was detectable by IHC, although it’s probable that this deer would have developed CWD given a longer duration of incubation. </div><div><br /></div><div>This study complements and reinforces earlier findings that CWD can be transmitted to deer by intravenous blood transfusion from white- tailed deer with CWD (Mathiason et al., 2010; Mathiason et al., 2006). In a previous study, a group of eight, 6-month-old fawns were IV inoculated with ~250 mL of whole blood derived from experimentally IC inoculated CWD positive white-tailed deer (Mathiason et al., 2010). In this study, all eight deer were determined to be CWD positive by IHC of all relevant tissues, and began to show clinical signs of TSE between 15 and 26 months post inoculation (Mathiason et al., 2010). While similar results were obtained in our study, we determined that only 100 mL of CWD-infected blood contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease compared to the 250 mL of whole blood used by Mathiason et al. (Mathiason et al., 2010). In an earlier study, a cohort of three 6-month-old white-tailed deer fawns were exposed to the agent of CWD via either a single intraperitoneal (IP) inoculation (n =2) or an IV transfusion (n =1) of blood derived from a naturally infected CWD positive mule deer (Mathiason et al., 2006). Similar to our findings, the fawn that received blood via IV transfusion had detectable PrPSc in the CNS (medulla at the level of the obex), tonsil, and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (Mathiason et al., 2006); however, it did not present with clinical signs and was euthanized 18 months post inoculation (Mathia-son et al., 2006). </div><div><br /></div><div>We demonstrate here that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood trans-fusion from CWD-infected white-tailed deer. The incubation period appeared to be associated with recipient genotype with the GG96 deer (940) incubating for 25.6 months, while the GS96 deer (941) incubated for 43.6 months; however, we take into consideration the limitation of the small sample size in this study. While a previous and larger study showed similar results, we determined that only 100 mL of CWD- infected blood (~2.5 times less than previously shown in (Mathiason et al., 2010)) contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease. The identification of blood-borne transmission of the CWD agent is important in reinforcing the risk of exposure to CWD via blood as well as the possibility of hematogenous transmission of the CWD agent through insect vector. Finally, these results further highlight the importance of developing a sensitive and reproducible blood-based test to detect pre-clinical CWD, and warrant the continued advancement and evaluation of sensitive antemortem diagnostic tests for the detection of PrPSc in blood of asymptomatic cervids early in the incubation period.</div><div><br /></div><div>We demonstrate here that the CWD agent can be successfully transmitted to white-tailed deer by a single intravenous blood trans-fusion from CWD-infected white-tailed deer. The incubation period appeared to be associated with recipient genotype with the GG96 deer (940) incubating for 25.6 months, while the GS96 deer (941) incubated for 43.6 months; however, we take into consideration the limitation of the small sample size in this study. While a previous and larger study showed similar results, we determined that only 100 mL of CWD- infected blood (~2.5 times less than previously shown in (Mathiason et al., 2010)) contained sufficient levels of prion infectivity to cause disease. The identification of blood-borne transmission of the CWD agent is important in reinforcing the risk of exposure to CWD via blood as well as the possibility of hematogenous transmission of the CWD agent through insect vector. Finally, these results further highlight the importance of developing a sensitive and reproducible blood-based test to detect pre-clinical CWD, and warrant the continued advancement and evaluation of sensitive antemortem diagnostic tests for the detection of PrPSc in blood of asymptomatic cervids early in the incubation period. </div><div><br /></div><div>Funding This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE- SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X/pdfft?md5=a5dcc2fc3d28cc1b83104420277a1ea4&pid=1-s2.0-S003452882031047X-main.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X/pdfft?md5=a5dcc2fc3d28cc1b83104420277a1ea4&pid=1-s2.0-S003452882031047X-main.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X?via%3Dihub" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003452882031047X?via%3Dihub</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RE: Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859eletters-comment__info" style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><h6 class="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859eletters-comment__title yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859text-md yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859letter-spacing-default yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859eletters-comment__user yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859text-reset yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859font-weight-bold yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859text-uppercase yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859mr-2" color="inherit !important" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-transform: uppercase;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859eletters-comment__user-data yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859list-inline yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859comma-separated yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul><br /></h6></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859eletters-comment__description yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859serif yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859text-ellipses yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859truncated yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859collapse yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859show" id="yiv3041072968ydp86736a73yiv0078104859x697946"><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.<br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">snip...see much more here ;</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: August 20, 2020</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT: WHAT HAS WORKED AND WHAT HAS NOT? </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/chronic-wasting-disease-detection-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/chronic-wasting-disease-detection-and.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div dir="ltr"><div>Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div></div><div><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal;"><h1 class="yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bh3 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmt-0 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-1 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bfont-weight-bold yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-title" style="color: #333333; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.42858; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</h1><div class="yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;">Posted by the <span style="font-weight: 700;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</span> on Sep 8, 2022</div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><br /></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank"></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a><br /></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><br /></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp42dddabbyiv8520793791ydp82638dd5yiv1992879354ydp8cd4892fyiv4497094869ydp18f08d8fyiv8704346921ydpdb664e44yiv3324510546ydpcba0497byiv6076594264ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></pre></div></div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div style="color: #333333;"></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2019</span><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"> Subject: FSIS [Docket No. FSIS20190021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Food Safety and Inspection Service [Docket No. FSIS20190021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Greetings FSIS et al,</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">I would kindly like to comment on the following docket;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">[Docket No. FSIS20190021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Federal Docket SRM TSE Prion</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Food Safety and Inspection Service [Docket No. FSIS20190021]</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">AGENCY: Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">ACTION: Notice and request for comments.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-09-10/pdf/2019-19443.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-09-10/pdf/2019-19443.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">This information is critical, and should continue to be collected.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">The TSE prion is spreading across the USA in Cervid as in CWD TSE Prion.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">The mad cow surveillance, feed ban, testing, and SRM removal there from, has been, and still is, a terrible failure.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WE know that the USA Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 was/is a colossal failure, and proven to be so year after year, decade after decade, and this was just admitted by the FDA et al (see below FDA Reports on VFD Compliance Sept. 2019 report).</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">God, all these decades you hear from all the warning letters on SRM that were released to the public for consumption, that even if they did eat a SRM, the BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 would save that tissue from that animal from having a TSE Prion, was nothing but lies. what about those children all across the USA that were fed the most high risk cattle for mad cow disease, i.e. dead stock downer cows via the USDA School lunch program, who will watch those kids for the next 50 years for cjd tse prion aka mad cow disease, let alone all the folks consuming SRMs that have been exposed to mad cow type disease in different livestock species, due to the fact the USA colossal failure of the BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997. it's all documented below, see for yourself;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">LET THIS STATEMENT SINK IN!</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">SNIP...</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr">the rest is trying to make it sound like compliance was great...let's just see the facts shall we;</div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 08, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Raccoons accumulate PrPSc after intracranial inoculation with the agents of chronic wasting disease (CWD) or transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) but not atypical scrapie</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRMs up as appetizers or horderves.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Thursday, November 28, 2013</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ???</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100413182327/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100413182327/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Traceability of animal protein byproducts in ruminants by multivariate analysis of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to prevent transmission of prion diseases</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">CONTINUED IN FILE ATTACHMENT, about 27 pages...terry</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2019-0021-0002</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">SEE FULL SUBMISSION IN ATTACHMENT;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">SRM Federal Docket Singeltary Submission 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://https//downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2019-0021-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Tuesday, September 10, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/09/fsis-docket-no-fsis20190021-notice-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WHY IS THE USDA, FSIS, APHIS, FDE, ET AL ONLY TESTING 25K BOVINES FOR MAD COW DISEASE ANNUALLY? ($$$)</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">USDA, FSIS, APHIS, FDA, HISTORY OF TESTING FOR BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION AKA MAD COW DISEASE</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><div>USDA BSE Surveillance Information Center</div><div><br /></div><div>Introduction USDA conducts surveillance for Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), referred to as "mad cow disease", in cattle to determine if, and at what level, the disease is present in the U.S. cattle population. Our surveillance program allows us to assess any change in the BSE disease status of U.S. cattle, and identify any rise in BSE prevalence in this country. Identifying any changes in the prevalence of disease allows us to match our preventive measures - feed ban for animal health, and specified risk material removal for public health - to the level of disease in U.S. cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is the longstanding system of interlocking safeguards, including the removal of specified risk materials - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE - at slaughter and the FDA's ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban that protect public and animal health from BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why did USDA decrease the number of samples per year in 2006? After the first confirmation of BSE in an animal in Washington State in December 2003, USDA evaluated its BSE surveillance efforts in light of that finding. We determined that we needed to immediately conduct a major surveillance effort to help determine the prevalence of BSE in the United States. Our goal over a 12-18 month period was to obtain as many samples as possible from the segments of the cattle population where we were most likely to find BSE if it was present. This population of cattle was exhibiting some signs of disease. We conducted this enhanced surveillance effort from June 2004 - August 2006. In that time, we collected a total of 787,711 samples and estimated the prevalence of BSE in the United States to be between 4-7 infected animals in a population of 42 million adult cattle. We consequently modified our surveillance efforts based on this prevalence estimate to a level we can monitor for any potential changes, should they occur. Our statistical analysis indicated that collecting approximately 40,000 samples per year from the targeted cattle population would enable us to conduct this monitoring.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" testing 25,000 samples a year? USDA's surveillance strategy is to focus on the targeted populations where we are most likely to find disease if it is present. This is the most effective way to meet both OIE and our domestic surveillance standards. After completing our enhanced surveillance in 2006 and confirming that our BSE prevalence was very low, an evaluation of the program showed that reducing the number of samples collected to 40,000 samples per year from these targeted, high risk populations would allow us to continue to exceed these standards. In fact, the sampling was ten times greater than OIE standards. A subsequent evaluation of the program in 2016 using data collected over the past 10 years showed that the surveillance standards could still be met with a further reduction in the number of samples collected by renderers and 3D/4D establishments which have a very low OIE point value because the medical history of these animals is usually unknown. Therefore, in 2016, the number of samples to be tested was reduced to 25,000 where it remains today.</div><div><br /></div><div>How can USDA find every case of BSE in the United States when you are only testing 25,000 animals? The goal of our BSE surveillance program, even under the enhanced program, has never been to detect every case of BSE. Our goal is determine whether the disease exists at very low levels in the U.S. cattle population, and we do this by testing those animals most likely to have BSE. It is the longstanding system of interlocking safeguards, including the removal of specified risk materials - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE - at slaughter and the FDA's ruminant-to- ruminant feed ban that protect public and animal health from BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why didn’t USDA continue to test animals at the enhanced surveillance level? USDA's 2004-2006 enhanced surveillance program was initiated in response to the first detection of BSE in the United States and was designed to detect the overall prevalence of the disease in this country. This required a very intensive effort and it allowed us to estimate extremely low prevalence levels of disease. Once that prevalence level was determined, USDA modified its testing levels to monitor any changes in the level of disease. Our current testing of approximately 25,000 targeted animals a year allows USDA to detect BSE at the very low level of less than 1 case per million adult cattle, assess any change in the BSE status of U.S. cattle, and identify any rise in BSE prevalence in this country.</div><div><br /></div><div>Is USDA's surveillance program a food safety or public health measure? The primary, and most effective, food safety or public health measure is the removal of specified risk materials (SRMs) - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE - from every animal at slaughter. USDA's BSE surveillance program is not a food safety measure; it is an animal health monitoring measure. However, it does support existing public health and food safety measures. By allowing us to monitor the level of disease in the US cattle population, we can help determine the appropriate level of public health and animal health measures required, and whether they should be increased or decreased.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why doesn't USDA test every animal at slaughter? There is currently no test to detect the disease in a live animal. BSE is confirmed by taking samples from the brain of an animal and testing to see if the infectious agent - the abnormal form of the prion protein - is present. The earliest point at which current tests can accurately detect BSE is 2 to 3 months before the animal begins to show symptoms, and the time between initial infection and the appearance of symptoms is about 5 years. Therefore, there is a long period of time during which current tests would not be able to detect the disease in an infected animal.</div><div><br /></div><div>Since most cattle are slaughtered in the United States at a young age, they are in that period where tests would not be able to detect the disease if present. Testing all slaughter cattle for BSE could produce an exceedingly high rate of false negative test results and offer misleading assurances of the presence or absence of disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Simply put, the most effective way to detect BSE is not to test all animals, which could lead to false security, but to test those animals most likely to have the disease, which is the basis of USDA's current program.</div><div><br /></div><div>What animals are USDA testing in the surveillance program? These are random samples at slaughter, aren't they? No. USDA's BSE surveillance program is specifically targeted to the population most likely to have the disease, if it is present. This population is NOT clinically healthy animals that would be presented for slaughter. Rather, it includes animals that have some type of abnormality, such as central nervous system signs; non-ambulatory, or a "downer"; emaciated; or died for unknown reasons. Because these animals would not pass the required ante-mortem inspection requirements at slaughter for human consumption, we collect the majority of our samples at facilities other than slaughter facilities - at rendering or salvage facilities, on-farm, at veterinary clinics or veterinary diagnostic laboratories. With this targeted approach, we can monitor the presence of disease in the US cattle population in a much more efficient and meaningful way. The key to surveillance is to look where the disease is going to occur.</div><div><br /></div><div>Key Points: BSE Ongoing Surveillance Plan Note: This Fact Sheet is based on the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Ongoing Surveillance Plan, July 20, 2006. To learn more, read the complete BSE Ongoing Surveillance Plan (PDF, 187 KB).</div><div><br /></div><div>KEY POINTS In addition to a stringent feed ban imposed by the Food and Drug Administration in 1997 as well as the removal of all specified risk material which could harbor BSE, USDA has a strong surveillance program in place to detect signs of BSE in cattle in the United States. In fact, we test for BSE at levels greater than World Animal Health Organization standards. The program samples approximately 25,000 animals each year and targets cattle populations where the disease is most likely to be found. The targeted population for ongoing surveillance focuses on cattle exhibiting signs of central nervous disorders or any other signs that may be associated with BSE, including emaciation or injury, and dead cattle, as well as non-ambulatory animals. Samples from the targeted population are taken at farms, veterinary diagnostic laboratories, public health laboratories, slaughter facilities, veterinary clinics, and livestock markets.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA's National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, IA, along with contracted veterinary diagnostic laboratories, use rapid screening tests as the initial screening method on all samples. Any inconclusive samples undergo further testing and analysis at NVSL.</div><div><br /></div><div>NOT A FOOD SAFETY TEST BSE tests are not conducted on cuts of meat, but involve taking samples from the brain of a dead animal to see if the infectious agent is present. We know that the earliest point at which current tests can accurately detect BSE is 2-to-3 months before the animal begins to show symptoms. The time between initial infection and the appearance of symptoms is about 5 years. Since most cattle that go to slaughter in the United States are both young and clinically normal, testing all slaughter cattle for BSE might offer misleading assurances of safety to the public.</div><div><br /></div><div>The BSE surveillance program is not for the purposes of determining food safety. Rather, it is an animal health surveillance program. USDA's BSE surveillance program allows USDA to detect the disease if it exists at very low levels in the U.S. cattle population and provides assurances to consumers and our international trading partners that the interlocking system of safeguards in place to prevent BSE are working.</div><div><br /></div><div>The safety of the U.S. food supply from BSE is assured by the removal of specified risk materials - those tissues known to be infective in an affected animal - from all human food. These requirements have been in place since 2004.</div><div><br /></div><div>ONGOING BSE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM SUMMARY USDA's BSE surveillance program samples approximately 25,000 animals each year and targets cattle populations where the disease is most likely to be found. The statistically valid surveillance level of 25,000 is consistent with science-based internationally accepted standards. This level allows USDA to detect BSE at the very low level of less than 1 case per million adult cattle, assess any change in the BSE status of U.S. cattle, and identify any rise in BSE prevalence in this country.</div><div><br /></div><div>The targeted population for ongoing surveillance focuses on cattle exhibiting signs of central nervous disorders or any other signs that may be associated with BSE, including emaciation or injury, and dead cattle, as well as nonambulatory animals. Samples from the targeted population are taken at farms, veterinary diagnostic laboratories, public health laboratories, slaughter facilities, veterinary clinics, and livestock markets.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA's National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Ames, IA, along with contracted veterinary diagnostic laboratories, will continue to use rapid screening tests as the initial screening method on all samples. Any inconclusive samples will be sent to NVSL for further testing and analysis. USDA's surveillance program uses OIE's weighted surveillance points system, which was adopted in May 2005 and reflects international scientific consensus that the best BSE surveillance programs focus on obtaining quality samples from targeted subpopulations rather than looking at the entire adult cattle population.</div><div><br /></div><div>The number of points a sample receives correlates directly to an animal's clinical presentation at the time of sampling. The highest point values are assigned to those samples from animals with classic clinical signs of the disease. The lowest point values correspond to clinically normal animals tested at routine slaughter.</div><div><br /></div><div>The goal of this weighted approach is to ensure that countries sample those cattle populations where the disease is most likely to be found. This system is not different from USDA's previous BSE surveillance approach, it is simply a different method for evaluating surveillance programs. Both approaches target those cattle populations where BSE is most likely to be found. The OIE is simply assigning point values to different categories of animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA has been targeting these subpopulations since BSE surveillance was initiated in 1990, and will continue to do so under the OIE weighted approach. Under the OIE guidelines, points compiled over a period of 7 consecutive years are used as evidence of adequate surveillance. At the current ongoing level of surveillance, the United States will far exceed OIE guidelines under the point system.</div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/topics/animals/bse-surveillance-information-center</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">MY BULLSHIT METER PEGGED OUT ON THE ABOVE BSe by USDA et al!</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">COMPARING the EU, to the USA, on BSE Surveillance and Testing, you can see for yourself why the EU is finding more, because they are testing more, compared to USA. </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">''USDA's 2004-2006 enhanced surveillance program was initiated in response to the first detection of BSE in the United States and was designed to detect the overall prevalence of the disease in this country.''</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;">I would kindly like to remind everyone of this very important document;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5 </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;">I was very concerned of the BSE testing and even discussed this with Bio-Rad et al;</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Audit Report</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">and</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Food Safety and Inspection Service</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Report No. 50601-10-KC January 2006</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Still Remain Our prior report identified a number of inherent problems in</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">identifying and testing high-risk cattle. </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">BIO-RAD</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > -------- Original Message --------</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > Subject: USA BIO-RADs INCONCLUSIVEs</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2004 15:37:28 -0600</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > To:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > Hello xxxx and Bio-Rad,</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > Happy Holidays!</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > I wish to ask a question about Bio-Rad and USDA BSE/TSE testing</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > and there inconclusive. IS the Bio-Rad test for BSE/TSE that</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">complicated,</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > or is there most likely some human error we are seeing here?</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > HOW can Japan have 2 positive cows with</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > No clinical signs WB+, IHC-, HP- ,</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > BUT in the USA, these cows are considered 'negative'?</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > IS there more politics working here than science in the USA?</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > What am I missing?</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > -------- Original Message --------</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > Subject: Re: USDA: More mad cow testing will demonstrate beef's safety</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > Date: Fri, 17 Dec 2004 09:26:19 -0600</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > snip...end</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> > Experts doubt USDA's mad cow results</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> snip...END</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> WELL, someone did call me from Bio-Rad about this,</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> however it was not xxxxxx xxxxx.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> but i had to just about take a blood oath not to reveal</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> there name. IN fact they did not want me to even mention</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> this, but i feel it is much much to important. I have omitted</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> any I.D. of this person, but thought I must document this ;</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Bio-Rad, TSS phone conversation 12/28/04</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Finally spoke with ;</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Bio-Rad Laboratories</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> 2000 Alfred Nobel Drive</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Hercules, CA 94547</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Ph: 510-741-6720</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Fax: 510-741-5630</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Email: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> at approx. 14:00 hours 12/28/04, I had a very pleasant</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> phone conversation with XXXX XXXXX about the USDA</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> and the inconclusive BSE testing problems they seem</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> to keep having. X was very very cautious as to speak</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> directly about USDA and it's policy of not using WB.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> X was very concerned as a Bio-Rad official of retaliation</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> of some sort. X would only speak of what other countries</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> do, and that i should take that as an answer. I told X</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> I understood that it was a very loaded question and X</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> agreed several times over and even said a political one.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> my question;</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Does Bio-Rad believe USDA's final determination of False positive,</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> without WB, and considering the new</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> atypical TSEs not showing positive with -IHC and -HP ???</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ask if i was a reporter. i said no, i was with CJD Watch</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> and that i had lost my mother to hvCJD. X did not</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> want any of this recorded or repeated.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> again, very nervous, will not answer directly about USDA for fear of</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> retaliation, but again said X tell</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> me what other countries are doing and finding, and that</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> i should take it from there.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> "very difficult to answer"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> "very political"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> "very loaded question"</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> outside USA and Canada, they use many different confirmatory tech. in</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> house WB, SAF, along with</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> IHC, HP, several times etc. you should see at several</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> talks meetings (TSE) of late Paris Dec 2, that IHC- DOES NOT MEAN IT IS</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> NEGATIVE. again, look what</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> the rest of the world is doing.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> said something about Dr. Houston stating;</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> any screening assay, always a chance for human</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> error. but with so many errors (i am assuming</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> X meant inconclusive), why are there no investigations, just false</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> positives?</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> said something about ''just look at the sheep that tested IHC- but were</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> positive''. ...</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> TSS</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> -------- Original Message --------</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Subject: Your questions</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Date: Mon, 27 Dec 2004 15:58:11 -0800</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> From: To: flounder@wt.net</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Hi Terry:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> ............................................snip Let me know your phone</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> number so I can talk to you about the Bio-Rad BSE test.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Thank you</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Regards</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Bio-Rad Laboratories</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> 2000 Alfred Nobel Drive</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Hercules, CA 94547</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Ph: 510-741-6720</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Fax: 510-741-5630</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> Email: =================================</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">> END...TSS</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Audit Report</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">and</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Food Safety and Inspection Service</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Report No. 50601-10-KC January 2006</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Still Remain Our prior report identified a number of inherent problems in</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">identifying and testing high-risk cattle. </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">snip...</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><div><div dir="ltr">NOW, Back to this very important document, and what i suspected back then was suspicious, and sure enough, years later, i find this document;</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5 </div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div> Executive Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>7. The executive summary must not exceed 2 sides in total of A4 and should be understandable to the intelligent non-scientist. It should cover the main objectives, methods and findings of the research, together with any other significant events and options for new work. </div><div><br /></div><div>Studies of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), carried out in the UK, showed it to be a single strain of prion disease based on histopathological (Simmons et al., 1996) and transmission data (Bruce et al., 1992 ). First reported in the 1980s (Wells et al., 1987) there appears to have been little change in the characteristics of the disease throughout the epidemic and BSE maintains a distinct molecular profile even following cross species transmission. However, during surveillance programmes in Europe and in North America two other distinct isolates of bovine prion disease have come to light, H and L type, so-called to reflect their unique molecular profiles (Yamakawa et al., 2003; Biacabe et al., 2004). </div><div><br /></div><div>Reports were also emerging of atypical forms of scrapie that were distinct from classical scrapie isolates and were less easily recognised by the then current diagnostic tests (Benestad et al., 2003; Buschman et al., 2004). This led to concerns that cattle could also harbour a prion disease that was not detected by the current diagnostic tests for BSE. Importantly, approximately 15-20% of the clinical cases submitted for investigation were indeed negative and this proportion of negative cattle did not appear to vary despite increasing awareness of BSE clinical signs by the farming and veterinary community. While there maybe other explanations for this discrepancy (McGill et al., 1993), another underlying undiagnosed prion disease of cattle distinct from classical BSE could not be ruled out.</div><div><br /></div><div>The study reported here investigated a small number of these BSE negative clinical cases by using more sensitive and modified diagnostic tests for abnormal PrP. </div><div><br /></div><div>The majority of the cases that we studied were negative by all the tests employed and based on this observation we conclude that there was not a simultaneous epidemic of another form of bovine prion disease. However, we observed a number of classical cases that were missed prior to the advent of sensitive and rapid diagnostic tests and this provides an estimate of the number of cattle that were mis-diagnosed before 2000. In addition, we observed a few rare cases where the diagnostic tests were not in agreement and these cases were investigated further. One of these unusual samples emerged as a case of idiopathic bovine neuronal chromatolysis (IBNC).</div><div><br /></div><div>During the study we also reported the first H-type BSE case in the UK (Terry et al., 2007). </div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><div><div>Scientific Objectives as prescribed in the project:</div><div><br /></div><div>All of the objectives have been met and are described in detail below. Three annexes accompany this report, one with the figures for the results below and two papers for submission to peer-reviewed journals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objective 1: To determine the variation of PK sensitivity of bovine PrPc from uninfected cattle brains and compare with bovine PrPsc from classical cases of BSE in order to set thresholds for negative, weak and strong positive values in commercially available rapid diagnostic tests. Objective 2: Determine whether there are a greater proportion of bovine brain samples positive for the rapid diagnostic tests (hereby called reactors) in the clinically-suspect, negative subset of cattle than in healthy negative cattle. (True positives will be determined on the basis of evaluation by IHC but should be strongly positive in both the rapid diagnostic tests). Objective 3: Determine whether the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of PrP from cattle identified in 2 are distinct from normal PrPc and from bovine PrPsc normally associated with classical BSE. Studies of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), carried out in the UK, showed it to be a single strain of prion disease based on histopathological (Simmons et al., 1996) and transmission data (Bruce et al., 1992). First reported in the 1980s (Wells et al., 1987) there appears to have been little change in the these characteristics of the disease throughout the epidemic; BSE also appear to maintain a distinct molecular profile in cattle and even when experimentally (or naturally) transmitted to other species such as humans and cats. However, during surveillance programmes in Europe, Japan and in North America, two other distinct isolates of bovine prion disease have come to light, H and L type, so-called to reflect their unique molecular profiles (Yamakawa et al., 2003; Biacabe et al., 2004). In the late 1990’s, a novel prion disease was discovered in sheep (Benestad et al., 2003; Buschman et al., 2004); this Nor98 or atypical scrapie is widespread in Europe but had previously been missed by histopathological or immunohistological examination. This led to concerns that cattle could also harbour a prion disease that, unlike H- and L-type BSE, was not detected by the current diagnostic tests for BSE. Importantly, approximately 15-20% of the clinical cases submitted for investigation were indeed negative and this proportion of negative cattle did not appear to vary despite increasing awareness of BSE clinical signs by the farming and veterinary community. While there maybe other explanations for this discrepancy (McGill et al., 1993), another underlying undiagnosed prion disease of cattle distinct from classical BSE could not be ruled out. The study reported here investigated a small number of these BSE negative clinical cases by using more sensitive and modified diagnostic tests for abnormal PrP. The majority of the cases that we studied were negative by all the tests employed and based on this observation we conclude that there was not a simultaneous epidemic of another form of bovine prion disease. However, we observed a number of cases of BSE in this “BSE negative” sub-set that were missed prior to the advent of more sensitive and rapid diagnostic tests and this provides an estimate of the number of cattle that were mis-diagnosed before 2000. In addition, we observed a few rare cases where the diagnostic tests were not in agreement and these cases were investigated further. One of these unusual samples emerged as a case of idiopathic bovine neuronal chromatolysis (IBNC) (Jeffrey & Wilesmith, 1992; 1996; Jeffrey et al., 2009). During the study we also reported the first H-type BSE case in the UK (Terry et al., 2007). Materials and Methods Tissue samples. Test samples: Frozen brain stem from 501 bovine BSE suspects with neurological signs, a) that were negative at the level of the obex for vacuolation by standard histopathological techniques from years 1991-1999 and b) by IHC and diagnostic Bio-Rad PlateliaTM from 2000 onwards. These tissues have been stored at the VLA at –80oC since submission. </div><div><br /></div><div>Negative controls: Frozen brain stem from 90 cattle investigated as part of the active surveillance programme. These samples were submitted in 2006 to LGC for rapid testing by Bio-Rad TeSeE diagnostic ELISA and were negative. These samples were stored at –80oC prior to testing and were stored for a maximum of 36 months and therefore considerably less time than all experimental samples under investigation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with suppurative encephalitis: 10 additional cattle samples were retrieved from the VLA Archive that were negative for BSE but showed signs of suppurative encephalitis and inflammation (lymphocyte cuffing and gliosis). These signs were consistent with listeria infection. </div><div><br /></div><div>Tests for disease-associated PrP IDEXX BSE Herdchek BSE antigen test kit</div><div><br /></div><div>All samples were assayed using the IDEXX Herdchek Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Antigen Test Kit, EIA according to the manufacturer’s instructions and without modification. Briefly, brains were homogenised in the buffer provided by the manufacturer and diluted prior to adding to the seprion (polyanion) coated multiwell plate and incubated prior to washing. The samples were then treated with a conditioning buffer to expose the antigen epitopes. PrPsc was detected by PrP specific antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and visualised with TMB substrate. Samples were read using a microtitre plate reader (Victor-Perkin-Elmer). The method has no Proteinase K digestion step and has only a mild trypsin treatment that is not required for specificity but aids in the epitope exposure step. The normal curve of negative control samples is provided by the manufacturer and shows the diagnostic cut off value is set higher than most negative controls. The amount of brain added to a single well is approximately 20 mg. Diagnostic Bio-Rad TeSeE EIA</div><div><br /></div><div>Sample extraction and detection was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions for the Bio-Rad TeSeE BSE ELISA. Briefly brain samples were homogenised in buffer provided by the manufacturer and then treated for 10 mins with Proteinase K at 37oC . The PK concentration is not provided by the manufacturer so we refer to it as 4 ul/ml which is the quantity of stock PK to final solution directed by Bio-Rad. A comparison with sigma PK indicated that the concentration is approximately 40 ug/ml. The samples were then precipitated and concentrated by centrifugation. Pellets were reconstituted and diluted in the buffers provided by the manufacturer. The PrPsc was then detected by a sandwich ELISA provided by the manufacturer. Details of the antibodies are not provided. Samples are read using a microtitre plate as above. Cut off values for the ELISA are calculated using the mean of four negative control ODs. The manufacturers indicate that a value of 0.14 should be added to the negative control mean and samples equal to or greater than this value should be further analysed. The amount of brain added to a single well is approximately 65 mg. BioRad TeSeE EIA with reduced PK digestion (0.3 Bio-Rad TeSeE ELISA)</div><div><br /></div><div>The PrPsc associated with atypical scrapie is believed to be less PK resistant than classical scrapie (Everest et al., 2006). In order to investigate whether an atypical form of BSE in cattle exists biochemically similar to atypical scrapie a modified version of the Bio-Rad TeSeE protocol, using sub-diagnostic levels of Proteinase K (0.3ul/ml), was used. This quantity of PK was arrived at by titration of PK and digestion of PrPc from 47 cattle brains negative for TSEs.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Bio-Rad TeSeE BSE diagnostic test was used as directed by the manufacturer with the addition of DNAse prior to the Proteinase K (0.3 ul/ml PK) treatment and Pefabloc was added alongside the kit PK stopping solution. The PK dilution for these assays was prepared from a Sigma stock solution and 0.3 units/ml was the equivalent activity as 0.3 ul/ml of Biorad PK. Bio-Rad TeSeE Western Blot</div><div><br /></div><div>Sample extraction was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Bio-Rad TeSeE Western Blot) with several modifications. In brief, brain tissue was ribolysed to give 20 % (w/v) homogenate and subsequently incubated with DNAse. The samples were then digested with 0.3, 1, 4 or 20 units/ml PK (Sigma; where units/ml is an in-house nomenclature and 0.3 units/ml is equivalent to 0.3 µl of the Bio-Rad test PK in terms of activity as compared using the TAME test -Pierce) and the reaction stopped with Pefabloc. Following precipitation and centrifugation at 15,000 g for 7 minutes, in accordance with the Bio-Rad TeSeE Western blot protocol, the pellets were re-suspended in Laemmli sample buffer.</div><div><br /></div><div>For analysis, the supernatants were heated at 100oC for 5 minutes, loaded on a 12% Criterion XT Bis-tris SDS gel (Bio-Rad) and subjected to electrophoresis in XT-MOPS running buffer (Bio-Rad) at 200 V for 50 minutes. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad) at 115 V, 60 min using Tris/CAPS transfer buffer (Bio-Rad).</div><div><br /></div><div>Blots to be evaluated using the Sha31 (Bio-Rad) antibody were incubated for one hour with the blocking solution provided by the manufacturers; and antibodies SAF84 (aa 175-180), P4 (aa 89-104) and FH11 (aa 55-65) using a 5% milk powder in PBS supplemented with Tween 20 (PBST). The membranes were incubated for one hour with the primary antibody and then with goat anti-mouse IgG antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Bio-Rad) prior to visualization by chemiluminescence (ECL; Amersham). Immunohistochemical analysis Formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue blocks were sectioned at 4mm, collected onto frosted charged slides (GmbH) and melted on at 60°C overnight to improve adhesion. Sections were de-waxed in xylene and alcohol and washing in water. They were subsequently put into 98% formic acid (Merck) for 30 minutes, washed in running tap water for 15 minutes and then fully immersed into citrate buffer (200mM trisodium citrate dehydrate (Sigma), 30mM citric acid (Sigma), pH 6.1) prior to being autoclaved for 30 minutes at 121°C. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched using 3% hydrogen peroxide (Sigma) and the sections immersed in purified water and stored at 4°C overnight. After warming to room temperature, non-specific antibody binding sites were blocked using normal goat serum (Vector Laboratories) for 20 minutes. Rat monoclonal anti-PrP R145 (VLA) was diluted to 2mg/ml and applied for one hour at ambient (19°C-24°C) temperature. Biotinylated rabbit-anti-mouse IgG (Vector Laboratories) was diluted appropriately and applied for 30 minutes at ambient temperature. Elite ABC (Vector Laboratories) was prepared according to the manufacturers’ directions and applied for 20 minutes at ambient temperature. Sections were washed between each stage using 5mM tris buffered saline supplemented with Tween-20 (5mM tris, 0.85% NaCl, 0.05% tween-20 (all from Sigma), pH 7.6). Diaminobenzidine tablets (Sigma) were prepared in McIlvanes buffer (200mM disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, 100mM citric acid (both from Sigma), pH 6.4) and applied for 10 minutes at ambient temperature. Sections were counterstained in Mayer’s haematoxylin and “blued” in running tap water, before being dehydrated through three changes each of absolute alcohol and xylene for three minutes each and finally mounted in DPX (Sigma). Definition of terms</div><div><br /></div><div>Disease associated isoforms of PrP may be distinguished from normal PrP by its increased resistance to Proteinase digestion in immunoblotting or ELISA tests (PrPres), binding to polyanions or labelling with PrP specific antibodies in fixed and treated paraffin-embedded section (PrPd). Included within the operational definition of PrPd are all those detection systems that do not use Proteinase K digestion. The correlation between prion infectivity and PrPres or PrPd is inexact, and infectivity has been dissociated from PrPres or PrPd in several experiments, putatively this is because only a fraction of abnormal PrP isoforms are infectious. We will therefore use operational definitions for detected abnormal PrP forms and PrPsc for the hypothetical infectious sub-population of PrP isoforms detected by bioassay. Results Brains from cattle previously diagnosed as negative for BSE based on histopathological examination were investigated in this study for evidence of unusual prion diseases. The majority of the cattle investigated were submitted to the VLA as BSE suspect during the years 1997-2005 and were reported to have clinical signs similar to BSE. We applied a combination of modified and previously unused diagnostic tests to this subgroup of cattle including lower concentrations of PK for protein digestion, tests that do not use PK for PrPsc detection and standard Western blot (WB) procedures with Mabs reactive with different regions of the PrP glycoprotein. A flow chart detailing the sequence for the investigation of potential unusual prion diseases of cattle are shown in Figure 1. 1) Determination of the lowest PK concentration that digests PrPc from brains of cattle The minimum concentration of PK required for the elimination of PrPc in the majority of non-exposed control cattle samples, resulting in a negative value in the Bio-Rad TeSeE ELISA, was determined. PK titrations were performed on BSE positive and negative control reference material (CRM) and subsequently on 47 individual confirmed negative brainstems. The brainstems had previously tested negative with the diagnostic Bio-Rad TeSeE ELISA by LGC and were obtained from active surveillance and therefore unlikely to have had clinical signs of disease. An amount of 0.3 µl/ml PK was selected for use in the adapted Bio-Rad TeSeE ELISA (0.3 Bio-Rad) (Table 1). 2) Determination of threshold values for the IDEXX HerdChek and 0.3 modified Bio-Rad rapid tests</div><div><br /></div><div>The diagnostic tests have cut-off values that are set by the manufacturers. For the 0.3 Bio-Rad ELISA new cut-off values were determined to take account of the modifications. While no modifications were made to the IDEXX HerdChek assay cut-off values were calculated using the same test samples for consistency. 90 confirmed BSE negative brainstems were assayed and threshold values calculated as 3 standard deviations above the mean (Table 2). Threshold values of 0.166 Absorbance Units (AU) and 0.137 AU were set for the 0.3 Bio-Rad TeSeE and IDEXX Herdchek EIAs respectively. A single confirmed negative sample gave a value above the IDEXX threshold limit (0.240AU) on first assay. However, when repeated this sample was negative (0.016AU). 3) Results of assays applied to the test BSE cattle population</div><div><br /></div><div>The assays described above and mapped in Figure 1 were then applied to the brains from 501 clinically suspect cattle. Following analysis the cattle were divided into five groups and these are described below. The results are summarised in Table 3. Group1: Confirmed negative diagnosis of clinically suspect cattle Brainstems from 501 cattle submitted to the VLA for BSE diagnosis between the years 1991 and 2005 that were subsequently diagnosed as negative by the tests used at time of slaughter, were assayed using the IDEXX and 0.3 Bio-Rad immunoassays for detection of abnormal PrP. 436 (87%) were negative by both tests. All of the samples submitted after 1999 were confirmed negative (see below) (Figure 8). By these criteria we were unable to detect abnormal PrP in the brainstems of these cattle and this subset of clinically suspect cattle is unlikely to harbour a prion disease. However, we were unable to test other areas of the brain from these cattle and PrPsc distribution patterns distinct from classical BSE cannot be ruled out. In addition to the 501 brainstems we also tested 191 cerebella by the same methods, all of which were negative by standard tests. Group 2: Confirmed positive for BSE by all diagnostic tests Sixty five samples remained that were positive in either the IDEXX or the 0.3 Bio-Rad assays or in both of these tests. Of these, 40 were positive by both tests (modified as above) and following retesting were positive using diagnostic concentrations of PK for the Bio-Rad TeSeE (figure 2). Immunohistochemical evaluation of abnormal PrP in the obex demonstrated normal distribution of PrPsc deposits similar to those observed for classical BSE (Figure 8). </div><div><br /></div><div>To confirm that the PK resistant glycoproteins of abnormal PrP resembled the molecular profile of classical BSE, all 40 cases were immunoblotted using SHa31 MAb (figure 3). In all cases a signature 3 glycoprotein banding pattern was observed with relative mass and glycoprotein ratios indistinguishable from classical BSE. These animals ranged in age from 5 years to 12 years, with a mean age of 6 years, 10 months. All 40 animals were female and comprised 32 Friesians, 2 Holsteins, 2 Herefords, 1 Limousin/Friesian Cross, 2 Holstein/Friesian Cross and 1 Simmental.</div><div><br /></div><div>The 40 confirmed positive samples were from cattle slaughtered between the years 1997 and 1999. We tested a total of 285 from this period and this represents 14.0% of the clinical suspects that were confirmed negative for BSE at this time. If this is representative of the entire clinical suspect unconfirmed cattle (total 2,426) during this period (1997-1999 inclusive) a total of 340 BSE positive cattle would have been missed. This under-diagnosis is likely to be a result of the diagnostic tests applied at the time. Up until the year 2000, all BSE cases were diagnosed by detection of vacuolation and gliosis in the obex. It is clear that this method is not 100% sensitive for prion diseases either because not all cases present with vacuolation or that vacuolation is a late onset phenomenon during clinical disease (Arnold et al., 2007). Our data showed that there were no additional cases of under-diagnosis after more sensitive diagnostic tests were introduced in 2000. During the years 1997-1999, a total of 12,171 clinical cases were submitted for BSE diagnosis of which 9,745 (80.1%) were confirmed positive with an estimated 2.8% of the total suspects submitted under-diagnosed by our calculations.</div><div><br /></div><div>Assuming no other factors influenced the levels of correct diagnosis and that the numbers estimated for 1997 to 1999 were a true representation of the potential under-diagnosis of the entire epidemic up until 1999, then the total number of missed cases positive for BSE could have been in the region of 5,500.</div><div><br /></div><div>A draft version of this manuscript has been prepared.</div><div><br /></div><div> Group 3: Confirmed positive for BSE by all rapid diagnostic tests but negative by IHC</div><div><br /></div><div> 2 of the 501 negative subset brainstem tested were positive by standard biochemical, diagnostic tests (Table 4) but abnormal PrP deposits were not observed in the obex when evaluated by IHC (Figure 8). This is clearly an unusual finding and both cases were rigorously audited prior to further investigation to determine that the sample for biochemistry was identical to the paraffin-embedded sample. As far as can be determined no errors in sampling and dispatch occurred for these two samples. Further DNA profiling and matching frozen sample to histology processed sample would confirm this. There was insufficient sample to perform any further analysis on one case, but the other case was further investigated using the modified TeSeE Western blot protocol described above – at the diagnostic standard PK concentration of 4 µl/ml for PrPsc digestion. Western blotting of abnormal PrP from this sample confirmed the ELISA data with intense labelling of PK resistant PrP using the PrP-specific antibodies Sha31 and SAF84 (Figure 4a and 4b). The glycoprofile and molecular mass of the PrP bands were indistinguishable from classical BSE A band was labelled strongly with FH11 Mab (that recognises an N terminal PrP epitope) and is therefore likely to represent undigested PrP (Figure 4c). In addition, at 4 µl/ml PK, strong reactivity is also observed with the P4 mAb (Figure 4d). Molecular comparison of this case with classical BSE and with scrapie – using different levels of PK, different dilutions of positive sample and different PrP-specific antibodies, indicates that there is no discernible difference of the test sample with classical BSE. Both cases were extensively followed up by IHC using Mabs to different regions of the PrP molecule but were negative in all cases (data not shown).</div><div><br /></div><div>Why the PrPsc could not be detected by IHC is unclear. Further analysis by transmission to rodent models of prion disease may shed further light on the characteristics of this sample. Indeed, murine models of prion disease have been reported where PrPsc cannot be detected in the brains but these studies confirmed the lack of PrPsc by all assays including Western Blot. Group 4: IDEXX Herdchek positive, 0.3 Bio-Rad negative, IHC positive. Two brainstem samples (98/00819; 98/02316) were positive by the IDEXX Herdchek EIA (Table 5) but Bio-Rad test negative even following PK digestion at sub-optimal concentrations. Both of these samples demonstrated abnormal PrP deposition in the obex by IHC evaluation (Figure 8). Western blot analysis of PK resistant PrP glycoprotein from sample 98/2316 indicated that low amounts of PrPres could be detected using Sha31 and SAF84 Mabs. From these blots and taking into account the low levels of PrPres detected the banding patterns appeared indistinguishable from classical BSE (Figure 5a and 5b). No further sample was available for 98/00819. The sample contained very low levels of PrPres as shown by the WB data and this is likely to be the reason for lack of signal in the Bio-Rad ELISA. At these levels of abnormal PrP we are at the threshold of detection. The IDEXX HerdChek assay has consistently shown a higher analytical sensitivity for classical scrapie in our hands than the Bio-Rad assays. The values for the IDEXX HerdChek were in the region of 0.15-0.88 and these values are much lower than any of the other samples we have tested in this study. These data suggest that the IDEXX assay is more analytically sensitive than the Bio-Rad TeSeE for BSE. However, there are alternative explanations for the discordance in test results. The Bio-Rad TeSeE ELISA detects PrPres with Mabs that detect 2 regions of the molecule. Any changes in PrP sequence in the region of Mab binding could alter analytical sensitivity. Therefore the bovine PrP open reading frame from 98/02316 was compared with that of two classical BSE samples, all three samples were 6:6 with respect to the octapeptide repeat. The only mutation seen in this unusual sample was at codon 78 and this is a “silent” mutation in that it does not affect the PrP protein sequence (glutamine, Q78). The Western blot results suggest that the PK cleavage sites of sample 98/02316 were not different from classical cases of BSE. Therefore we conclude that PrPres concentration in this sample was low, as indicated by the control BSE positive brain homogenate, when diluted to a level of 1/250, still producing bands of a far greater density than the test sample when assayed neat. Group 5: Diagnostic Bio-Rad and IDEXX negative, IHC negative but 0.3 Bio-Rad positive</div><div><br /></div><div>Twenty-one of the clinical suspect brainstems tested by 0.3 Bio-Rad modified protocol had OD values above the calculated cut off point (range 0.166 to 0.857) (Figure 6) but were IDEXX Herdchek negative and IHC negative (figure 8). The samples were also diagnostic Bio-Rad TeSeE negative and the cattle, all female, ranged in age from 3 years to 11.5 years. They comprised Friesian, Friesian/Holsten, Hereford Cross, Aberdeen Angus Cross, Simmental Cross and Limousin Cross breeds. These samples, where sufficient tissue was available, were analysed, for the presence of partially PK resistant PrP, using the Bio-Rad Western blot protocol with digestion carried out at 20 and 0.3 µl/ml of PK and detected using the SHa31 Mab. Following digestion of the samples with 20 µl/ml PK the samples were shown to be negative for the characteristic PrPsc banding patterns when compared to three individual BSE-negative samples and a classical BSE positive sample (Fig 7a). However, faint bands were observed at approximately 16 and 25 KDa for 4 of the samples (T5, T8-T10) but this faint banding is consistent with partially digested PrPc but could also be a result of variable amounts of protein loaded per lane. At 0.3 µl/ml PK, banding is observed for all test samples, with banding consistent with partially digested PrPC, as also observed for the three known BSE-negative samples. In contrast, the classical BSE-positive sample gave a distinct banding pattern, different from that observed for the BSE-negative samples (Fig.7b). Consistent with the above results samples T5 and T8-T10 demonstrated increased intensity of labelling that could result from an up-regulation or increase in PrPc and could also account for the high signals in the modified ELISA.</div><div><br /></div><div>Variable banding intensity between lanes may also be a result of inconsistent loading of amounts of protein per lane. However, our previous experience of testing protein concentrations PRIOR to PK digestion in the individual samples showed that they were very consistent to within <5% of the total amount. In addition, although we add pefabloc to stop PK digestion it is also likely that there is variation in the PK digestion amongst samples. Both variables could account for the differences in intensities between lanes. However, we cannot exclude the possibilitity that a PK sensitive variant of abnormal PrP is present as demonstrated by Barron et al 2007 who also demonstrated a 22 KDa band following sub optimal PK digestion. The samples were further investigated as below. Encephalitis may up regulate PrPc</div><div><br /></div><div>One explanation for high values in the immunoassay following digestion with suboptimal concentrations of PK could be high levels of PrPc in the sample. Increased levels of PrPc may occur as a result of up-regulation of PrPc on tissue resident cells or from the influx of inflammatory cells into the site following infection. Differential diagnoses were available for 9 of the 21 animals and nine had confirmed encephalitic lesions and inflammation. Further to this observation we therefore analysed brainstems from 10 BSE negative cattle (but also clinical suspects) by both modified rapid tests that had confirmed encephalitis.</div><div><br /></div><div>The brainstems from 9 encephalitis cattle were negative by both the 0.3 Bio-Rad TeSeE and IDEXX assays. The brainstem from 1 animal was positive by the 0.3 Bio-Rad assay but negative by the IDEXX EIA. The result from this sample is similar to the 21 observed above in group 5. It is unclear therefore whether the high levels of PrP are a result of concurrent infection as there is not a 100% correlation. However, PrPc is more susceptible to endogenous proteases and a low signal could be partly explained by inappropriate handling of the tissue at post-mortem. Loss of PrP detection following retesting of group 5 samples.</div><div><br /></div><div>When all 21 samples were re-analysed from a fresh piece of tissue from the archive (likely to have been frozen and thawed by the archive staff) only one retested as positive (figure 6). Further analysis of this sample (sample number 99/00514) by Western blot has not shown any bands suggesting the presence of an atypical form of prion protein. Any PK sensitive PrP, whether PrPc or unusual prion disease-associated PrP, is likely to be affected by tissue handling techniques including freezing, thawing and the amount of time in storage. This could explain loss of signal. These samples may also represent a small number of outliers in the negative population. This is still higher than we would expect given that only 1/90 negative control samples were outliers in the original testing. Identification of Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) in group 5 samples One of the 21 samples identified in group 5 was shown to have IBNC following histological investigation (03/00002) (figure 8). Concurrently, we investigated the PrP distribution in known cases of IBNC (Jeffrey et al 2008; “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” BMC Vet Res. 2008 Sep 30;4:38. The IHC and histology profile of this case was very similar to that of the known IBNC cases. Investigation of the distribution and molecular characteristics of PrP from known IBNC See also: Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle? Jeffrey M, Perez BB, Martin S, Terry L, González L. BMC Vet Res. 2008 Sep 30;4:38 Further investigations demonstrated that 57% the assays performed on the confirmed IBNC samples, using the 0.3 Bio-Rad TeSeE assay (n=42), gave values above those of the test kit control and also the BSE negative brain pool control. Half brains from six IBNC affected animals were retrieved from the TSE archive alongside the brainstem from a seventh animal. The cortex, brainstem, cerebellum and midbrain from these brains were sub-sampled and the adapted Bio-Rad TeSeE EIA, IDEXX Herdchek and Western Blot protocols applied to these tissues, in order to determine whether they could represent a form of atypical BSE. These samples had previously been found to be negative using the commercial Bio-Rad EIA and re-testing using this assay and the IDEXX Herdchek assay confirmed their negative status. When assayed using the adapted Bio-Rad protocol at 0.3µl/ml PK, 24/42 (57%) of the sample assays performed gave values above those of the test kit control and also the BSE negative brain pool control. Values above twice that of the calculated cut-off levels were found for each case but not for each brain site No PrPres was detected when Western blotting these samples at either 20 or 4µl/ml PK but a signal was detected on the gels when blotted at the 0.12 and 0.3µl/ml PK levels. At 0.12µl/ml PK the IBNC samples were indistinguishable from the negative controls but at the 0.3µl/ml level more PrPres was detected in the IBNC cases than in the controls with each of the antibodies tested (SHA31, F99, SAF84 and P4). Illustrations of the F99 blot are shown in the paper. Other data not shown.</div><div><br /></div><div>These data suggest that IBNC affected cattle abnormally express or accumulate PrP in brain and that the abnormal PrP is not strongly resistant to protease digestion. The results suggest that either the range of prion diseases is still wider than previously thought or that abnormalities of prion protein expression may be associated with brain lesions unconnected with prion disorders. Biochemical and transmission studies are planned in order to investigate further (under SE2014). First case of H-type BSE identified in GB During the course of this study, 1/5 frozen brainstem from bovine BSE cases when immunoblotted using the Bio-Rad TeSeE Western blot with antibodies P4, L42, 6H4, Sha31 and SAF84, was found to have a PrP profile indistinguishable from French H-type BSE. This sample was the first case of H-type BSE to be identified in GB. It was a fallen 13-year-old Galloway cow, first tested and confirmed as a case of BSE in November 2005. Due to autolysis its brain was unsuitable for further characterisation by IHC. Its age and reported absence of clinical signs are consistent with other cases of H-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>When blotting the samples, mAbs Sha31 and 6H4 revealed, in this sample, an unglycosylated band with relative mobility less than BSE, and mAb P4, labelled the sample more strongly than the BSE samples hence supporting the observed similarities with the French H-type sample. Additionally, this study revealed in both this unusual sample and the French H-type a lower molecular weight band with relative mobility of between 6 and 10 kD labelled with the P4 and L42 mAbs. This band is not seen in BSE samples. This data was published in June 2007 (L. A. Terry et al. Veterinary record (2007) 160, 873-875). Discussion and Conclusions Here we report the investigation of 501 cattle samples that were submitted to the VLA for BSE diagnosis but subsequently confirmed as negative by the diagnostic test used at the time of submission. Prior to 2000 this was by histology alone and positive diagnosis was made solely upon the observation of vacuolation and gliosis in the relevant brain regions. As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. This is likely to be due to the relative sensitivities of the methods. In addition, it has been demonstrated in cattle that vacuolation occurs after PrPsc can be detected in the brain stem and that PrPsc is detected prior to clinical disease (Arnold et al, 2007). Thus these cattle may have suffering very early clinical signs. However, we have not ruled out the possibility that there may be a subset of BSE affected cattle where vacuolation at the obex does not occur. The two cattle that were positive by the rapid biochemical tests but negative by IHC is an unexplained observation. The samples both contained high amounts of abnormal prion protein as determined by the OD values from the rapid tests that according to our experience of confirmatory testing should have been easily detected by IHC. Furthermore, epitope mapping of the PK cleaved proteins demonstrated no unusual glycoform patterns and IHC evaluation with the same antibodies still did not reveal PrPd deposition in the wax embedded sections. Thus it is unlikely that lack of detection by IHC is the result of an unusual conformation of the PrPd that masks the epitope of R145, the antibody of choice for IHC evaluation at the VLA.</div><div><br /></div><div>The two cattle that were positive by all tests except Bio-Rad ELISA are easier to explain. Previously we have demonstrated that the IDEXX HerdChek scrapie antigen EIA is more analytically sensitive for scrapie than the Bio-Rad ELISA (project SE2007) and this also appears to be the case for bovine BSE. Indeed the two samples were positive by the Bio-Rad Western blot but with significantly reduced signals compared to a bovine positive control. Samples in group 5 were only positive in the Bio-Rad ELISA and only if sub-optimal concentrations of PK were used. Several explanations could account for this result. First, the samples may contain a subset of PrP molecules that have a slightly higher resistance to PK digestion than normal PrPc and that it is not sufficiently aggregated to be detected by the IDEXX assay; whether this is related to a prion disease or some other event that confers such properties on normal PrP remains unanswered. There are notable descriptions in the literature of TSE models where disease is not accompanied by the characteristic accumulation of PK resistant PrP or was found at extremely low levels (Piccardo et al., 2007; Barron et al 2007; Nazor et al., 2005). These findings together might suggest an additional family of neurodegenerative diseases where the infectious form of PrP is not readily detected by our current diagnostic tests.</div><div><br /></div><div>Second, the higher signal could be the result of an increase in the overall amount of PrPc in the samples as discussed in the results and related to up-regulation of PrP in cells resident in the brain or due to influx of inflammatory cells either as a result of damage or the presence of a non-prion related disease. Third, that the PrP in these samples is bound to an unidentified molecule that confers higher PK resistance, or fourth, inhibits proteinase K. IBNC is likely to represent a subset of this group of cattle. Based on these data, our overall conclusion is that a second type of BSE is unlikely to have co-existed at a high prevalence with the classical form in the cattle population during the UK epidemic.</div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;">Final Report - Annex</span><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;"> : </span>Atypical prion proteins in cattle (10064k) <br /></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;">Final Report - SID5</span><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;"> : </span>Atypical prion proteins in cattle (201k) <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://randd.defra.gov.uk/ProjectDetails?ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">https://randd.defra.gov.uk/ProjectDetails?ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><div><div>USDA announces expanded BSE surveillance program Filed Under: BSE </div><div><br /></div><div>By: Marty Heiberg | Mar 15, 2004 Editor's note: Some material was added to this story Mar 16.</div><div><br /></div><div>Mar 15, 2004 (CIDRAP News) – Secretary of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Ann Veneman this afternoon announced an expanded program of surveillance for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States. Preparations for the increased testing will begin immediately and the program is expected to be fully operational by June 1. The new testing procedures will be in place for 12 to 18 months, after which an assessment will determine future plans.</div><div><br /></div><div>"The intensive one-time surveillance effort will allow us to determine more accurately whether BSE is present in the US cattle population, and if so, estimate the level of disease. By expanding our surveillance, we will be able to provide consumers, trading partners, and industry increased assurances about the BSE status of the U.S. cattle population," states the new plan, which was published on the USDA Web site today.</div><div><br /></div><div>The new plan incorporates last month's recommendations from the international scientific review panel and it is supported by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Veneman said at a press briefing. It calls for testing a much larger number of specimens from the high-risk BSE cattle population than the current 40,000 per year as well as about 20,000 random samples from normal-appearing adult cows.</div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle at high risk for BSE are estimated to number approximately 446,000 currently in the United States. The definition of high risk, based on experience in the United Kingdom and Europe, includes adult cattle that are nonambulatory ("downers"), dead on the farm, or showing clinical signs consistent with BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ron DeHaven, the USDA's chief veterinary officer, said at the briefing that the expanded program would mean testing "as many as we possibly can" of the target population of cattle. He explained that the new testing would allow for identification of BSE at a rate of 1 in 10 million cattle with a confidence level of 95% if 201,000 samples were tested and a confidence level of 99% if 268,000 samples were tested.</div><div><br /></div><div>Testing will be done at 17 state and university laboratories, with confirmation of any positive results at the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa. Funding for the new program totals $70 million.</div><div><br /></div><div>When questioned about proposals to test 100% of cattle, DeHaven said that science does not justify this level of testing and that, while the USDA is still evaluating the proposals, testing at this level would be solely for marketability and export purposes. The USDA's newly enhanced program, he said, is strictly for surveillance purposes and will determine whether and at what level BSE exists in the target cattle population.</div><div><br /></div><div>DeHaven said the expanded testing program will rely on rapid screening tests, several of which the USDA is currently evaluating. "We would anticipate in two or three months' time being able to license perhaps a couple or more of those tests," he said.</div><div><br /></div><div>Because the screening tests are designed to be very sensitive, some false-positive results are expected, DeHaven said, adding, "That's just the nature of the beast." The national laboratory in Ames will use immunohistochemical staining, considered the "gold standard" in BSE testing, to confirm any positives.</div><div><br /></div><div>DeHaven said the USDA has made no decision yet on the proposal by Creekstone Farms of Arkansas City, Kan., to test all its cattle so the beef can be exported to Japan and other Asian markets.</div><div><br /></div><div>The USDA will collect samples from high-risk cattle at a variety of places, including federally inspected slaughter plants, farms, rendering plants, veterinary diagnostic laboratories, pet food plants, and livestock sale barns, DeHaven said.</div><div><br /></div><div>To test a random sample of healthy older cattle, the USDA will focus its main efforts on 40 slaughter plants in 17 states, according to DeHaven. Those plants slaughter more than 86% of all cattle in the nation, he said.</div><div><br /></div><div>Under questioning, DeHaven refused to give a specific target for the number of high-risk cattle to be tested. "To estimate how many we will be able to collect is simply premature," he said. "It's possible that we would collect somewhere less than 200,000 and still have a very statistically valid sampling."</div><div><br /></div><div>DeHaven said USDA veterinarians will work with state veterinarians and other state officials to develop plans for collecting cattle samples for testing in each state.</div><div><br /></div><div>See also:</div><div><br /></div><div>Transcript of USDA's Mar 15 news briefing http://www.usda.gov/Newsroom/0106.04.html</div><div><br /></div><div>Robert Roos, CIDRAP News Editor, contributed to this story.</div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2004/03/usda-announces-expanded-bse-surveillance-program" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2004/03/usda-announces-expanded-bse-surveillance-program</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">USDA did not test possible mad cows</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">By Steve Mitchell</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">United Press International</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Published 6/8/2004 9:30 PM</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">WASHINGTON, June 8 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture claims it tested 500 cows with signs of a brain disorder for mad cow disease last year, but agency documents obtained by United Press International show the agency tested only half that number.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/06/08/USDA-did-not-test-possible-mad-cows/38651086744622/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/06/08/USDA-did-not-test-possible-mad-cows/38651086744622/</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2007/10/bse-base-mad-cow-testing-texas-usa-and.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">i almost forgot LOL;</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">BESIDES THE TEXAS MAD COW THAT WAS RENDERED AND NEVER TESTED;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">On Friday, April 30 th , the Food and Drug Administration learned that a cow with central nervous system symptoms had been killed and shipped to a processor for rendering into animal protein for use in animal feed.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">FDA, which is responsible for the safety of animal feed, immediately began an investigation. On Friday and throughout the weekend, FDA investigators inspected the slaughterhouse, the rendering facility, the farm where the animal came from, and the processor that initially received the cow from the slaughterhouse.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">FDA's investigation showed that the animal in question had already been rendered into "meat and bone meal" (a type of protein animal feed). Over the weekend FDA was able to track down all the implicated material. That material is being held by the firm, which is cooperating fully with FDA. ...</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01061.html</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070221032507/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01061.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070221032507/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01061.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">USDA orders silence on mad cow in Texas</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">By Steve Mitchell United Press International Published 5/11/2004 10:16 PM</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">WASHINGTON, May 11 (UPI) -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture has issued an order instructing its inspectors in Texas, where federal madcow disease testing policies recently were violated, not to talk about the cattle disorder with outside parties, United Press International has learned.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The order, sent May 6 by e-mail from the USDA's Dallas district office,was issued in the wake of the April 27 case at Lone Star Beef in San Angelo, in which a cow displaying signs of a brain disorder was not tested for mad cow disease despite a federal policy to screen all such animals.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The deadly illness also is known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Both the USDA and its Inspector General -- amid allegations that an offsite supervisor overruled the opinion of the inspectors on site and made the final decision not to test the animal -- have opened up investigations to determine why agency policy was violated.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The order, which was obtained by UPI, was issued by Ijaz Qazi, circuit supervisor for the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service's Dallas district, which covers the entire state. It reads: "All BSE inquiries MUST be directed to Congressional Public Affairs Phone 202-720-9113 attention Rob Larew OR Steve Khon. This is an urgent message. Any question contact me. Ijaz Qazi."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Although the language might sound innocuous, experienced inspectors familiar with USDA parlance have taken to referring to the notice as a "gag order."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The National Joint Council of Food Inspection Locals -- the national inspectors union -- considers the order a violation of inspectors' freespeech rights and is considering legal action against the USDA for breaching the labor agreement they have with the agency.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Inspectors alleged the order also suggests the agency is concerned about its personnel leaking damaging information about either the Texas case or the USDA's overall mad cow disease surveillance program, which has come under fire since the discovery of an infected cow in Washington state last December.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"Anytime the government suppresses an individual's freedom of speech,that's unconstitutional," Gary Dahl, president of Local 925, the Colorado inspectors union, told UPI.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Stanley Painter, chairman of the National Joint Council, said the USDA has sent out notices in the past stating inspectors cannot talk to reporters.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"It's an intimidation thing," Painter told UPI. Inspectors have the right to talk to anybody about any subject, as long as they clarify they are not speaking on behalf of the USDA and they are not doing it on government time, he said.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">USDA spokesman Steven Cohen said he was not familiar with the notice from the Dallas office. He said he would look into it, but did not respond by UPI's publication time. In general, Cohen said, "There's an expectation any statement on behalf of the agency would come from the office of communications (in Washington.)"</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Asked if employees could speak freely as long as they clarified that their views did not reflect those of the agency, Cohen said, "We'd rather that agency policy be communicated by those in a position to speak for the agency."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Qazi told UPI the notice was not issued in conjunction with the Texas case and it was routine agency practice that outside inquiries be referred to the Washington office. He said inspectors are free to talk to outside parties, including reporters, and he did not consider the e-mail a violation of the labor agreement with the inspectors.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Painter said the USDA's efforts to keep its employees from talking about mad cow would be better spent "with issues like protecting the consuming public instead of trying to hide things." He added he would "just about bet his last nickel" agency management was attempting to suppress information about the Texas case.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"To keep federal employees from reporting government waste, misuse ofappropriations -- those types of things -- that's not a good thing either," Dahl said. "If there is something wrong, let's get it out in the open -- let's get it fixed. We're working for the public, the American consumers. I think they have the right to know this," he said.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"And believe me there's so many indicators saying that the USDA's madcow testing program is broken," Dahl added.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">At least one member of Congress, Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, agrees.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Harkin, a long-time critic of the USDA, sent a letter to Agriculture Secretary Ann Veneman on Monday, saying the Texas incident "calls into question the effectiveness and reliability of USDA's current and proposed surveillance system."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The USDA has proposed testing more than 200,000 cows -- or 10 times its current rate -- in an expanded program scheduled to begin June 1. Harkin wrote in the five-page letter, however, that given the realities of the cattle industry, it is "quite doubtful" the USDA will be able to test that many cows, particularly because it had difficulty finding 20,000 last year.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"We simply cannot tolerate a BSE testing system that fails to give valid answers to critical questions for U.S. consumers and foreign customers,"Harkin said in the letter, which sharply criticizes the agency's failure to address explicitly how its new surveillance program will be implemented.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"We look forward to receiving (Harkin's) letter and having the opportunity to review it and respond to him," USDA spokesman Ed Loyd told UPI. "USDA has acknowledged there was a failure in not testing that cow in Texas for BSE, so we are all working to ensure that does not occur again."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Jim Rogers, a spokesman for USDA's Animal and Plant Health InspectionService, which oversees the agency's mad cow surveillance program, told UPI the agency has tested about 15,500 animals since fiscal year 2004 began, on Oct. 1, 2003. However, the agency has refused to identify the states and facilities from which the cows originated. Rogers said UPI would have to seek that information through the Freedom of Information Act.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The question is central to the USDA's implementation of its expanded surveillance program. Downer cows -- those unable to stand or walk --made up the bulk of the animals the agency tested for mad cow inprevious years, but these were banned from being slaughtered for human consumption in December. This means the agency inspectors no longer can obtain brain samples from these cows at slaughterhouses as they could in the past.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, the USDA has not provided any evidence it has worked out agreements with rendering facilities or ranchers, where downers and dead cows are now most likely to be found, to obtain the extra animals for testing.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Loyd said the agency is "working very hard to get animals on the farm that would never show up in a processing facility," and he was "not aware of any issues" that would delay the launch of the new program.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">However, he was unable to provide the names or locations of the rendering facilities where the agency will be obtaining cow brains for BSE testing. He said he would look into it but did not return two follow-up phone calls from UPI before publication.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">--</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Steve Mitchell is UPI's Medical Correspondent. E-mail sciencemail@upi.com</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Copyright © 2001-2004 United Press International</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20040511-015527-4917r" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20040511-015527-4917r</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA STATEMENT FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE May 4, 2004 Media Inquiries: 301-827-6242 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Statement on Texas Cow With Central Nervous System Symptoms</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">On Friday, April 30th, the Food and Drug Administration learned that a cow with central nervous system symptoms had been killed and shipped to a processor for rendering into animal protein for use in animal feed.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA, which is responsible for the safety of animal feed, immediately began an investigation. On Friday and throughout the weekend, FDA investigators inspected the slaughterhouse, the rendering facility, the farm where the animal came from, and the processor that initially received the cow from the slaughterhouse.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA's investigation showed that the animal in question had already been rendered into "meat and bone meal" (a type of protein animal feed). Over the weekend FDA was able to track down all the implicated material. That material is being held by the firm, which is cooperating fully with FDA.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Cattle with central nervous system symptoms are of particular interest because cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE, also known as "mad cow disease," can exhibit such symptoms. In this case, there is no way now to test for BSE. But even if the cow had BSE, FDA's animal feed rule would prohibit the feeding of its rendered protein to other ruminant animals (e.g., cows, goats, sheep, bison).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA is sending a letter to the firm summarizing its findings and informing the firm that FDA will not object to use of this material in swine feed only. If it is not used in swine feed, this material will be destroyed. Pigs have been shown not to be susceptible to BSE. If the firm agrees to use the material for swine feed only, FDA will track the material all the way through the supply chain from the processor to the farm to ensure that the feed is properly monitored and used only as feed for pigs.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">To protect the U.S. against BSE, FDA works to keep certain mammalian protein out of animal feed for cattle and other ruminant animals. FDA established its animal feed rule in 1997 after the BSE epidemic in the U.K. showed that the disease spreads by feeding infected ruminant protein to cattle.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Under the current regulation, the material from this Texas cow is not allowed in feed for cattle or other ruminant animals. FDA's action specifying that the material go only into swine feed means also that it will not be fed to poultry.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA is committed to protecting the U.S. from BSE and collaborates closely with the U.S. Department of Agriculture on all BSE issues. The animal feed rule provides crucial protection against the spread of BSE, but it is only one of several such firewalls. FDA will soon be improving the animal feed rule, to make this strong system even stronger.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">#</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2004/ucm108292.htm</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101123005331/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2004/ucm108292.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20101123005331/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2004/ucm108292.htm</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">TEXAS OFFICIALS DEAD WRONG ON AMOUNT OF INFECTIVITY TO CAUSE A TSE PRION DISEASE ; </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"> "FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams – approximately a quarter ounce — of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds." </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"> 5.5 GRAMS OF INFECTIOUS PROHIBITED MAD COW FEED FOR EACH OF THE 1,222 ANIMALS (5.5 GRAMS X 1,222 ANIMALS) IS ENOUGH INFECTIOUS MAD COW FEED TO KILL A SMALL HERD OF COWS...TSS </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA News | Today the Food and Drug Administ…U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA News</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle — a violation of FDA’s 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams – approximately a quarter ounce — of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA’s Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, “The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE.”</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">http://www.usmef.org/news-statistics/press-releases/us-food-and-drug-administration-fda-news-today-the-food-and-drug-administ-13375/</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160117030013/http://www.usmef.org/news-statistics/press-releases/us-food-and-drug-administration-fda-news-today-the-food-and-drug-administ-13375/">http://web.archive.org/web/20160117030013/http://www.usmef.org/news-statistics/press-releases/us-food-and-drug-administration-fda-news-today-the-food-and-drug-administ-13375/</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE P01-05 January 30, 2001 Print Media: 301-827-6242 Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA ANNOUNCES TEST RESULTS FROM TEXAS FEED LOT</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Today the Food and Drug Administration announced the results of tests taken on feed used at a Texas feedlot that was suspected of containing meat and bone meal from other domestic cattle -- a violation of FDA's 1997 prohibition on using ruminant material in feed for other ruminants. Results indicate that a very low level of prohibited material was found in the feed fed to cattle.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA has determined that each animal could have consumed, at most and in total, five-and-one-half grams - approximately a quarter ounce -- of prohibited material. These animals weigh approximately 600 pounds.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">It is important to note that the prohibited material was domestic in origin (therefore not likely to contain infected material because there is no evidence of BSE in U.S. cattle), fed at a very low level, and fed only once. The potential risk of BSE to such cattle is therefore exceedingly low, even if the feed were contaminated.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">According to Dr. Bernard Schwetz, FDA's Acting Principal Deputy Commissioner, "The challenge to regulators and industry is to keep this disease out of the United States. One important defense is to prohibit the use of any ruminant animal materials in feed for other ruminant animals. Combined with other steps, like U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) ban on the importation of live ruminant animals from affected countries, these steps represent a series of protections, to keep American cattle free of BSE."</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">Despite this negligible risk, Purina Mills, Inc., is nonetheless announcing that it is voluntarily purchasing all 1,222 of the animals held in Texas and mistakenly fed the animal feed containing the prohibited material. Therefore, meat from those animals will not enter the human food supply. FDA believes any cattle that did not consume feed containing the prohibited material are unaffected by this incident, and should be handled in the beef supply clearance process as usual.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA believes that Purina Mills has behaved responsibly by first reporting the human error that resulted in the misformulation of the animal feed supplement and then by working closely with State and Federal authorities.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">This episode indicates that the multi-layered safeguard system put into place is essential for protecting the food supply and that continued vigilance needs to be taken, by all concerned, to ensure these rules are followed routinely.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">FDA will continue working with USDA as well as State and local officials to ensure that companies and individuals comply with all laws and regulations designed to protect the U.S. food supply.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070209131251/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html">http://web.archive.org/web/20070209131251/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2001/new00752.html</a> </span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;">THE REST IS HISTORY, more atypical bse mad cow cases were showing up, testing questionable to say the least, i remind you of the infamous BSE ENHANCED and SUPRESSED BSE SURVEILLANCE AND THE HARVARD BSE BS that followed, and why the infamous ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING WAS SHUT DOWN...terry</div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II</div><div><br /></div><div>and</div><div><br /></div><div>Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III </div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">"These 9,200 cases were different because brain tissue samples were preserved with formalin, which makes them suitable for only one type of test--immunohistochemistry, or IHC."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">THIS WAS DONE FOR A REASON!</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">THE IHC test has been proven to be the LEAST LIKELY to detect BSE/TSE in the bovine, and these were probably from the most high risk cattle pool, the ones the USDA et al, SHOULD have been testing. ...TSS</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TEXAS 2ND MAD COW THAT WAS COVERED UP, AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS, AND CALLS FROM TSE PRION SCIENTIST AROUND THE GLOBE, THIS 2ND MAD COW IN TEXAS WAS CONFIRMED</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">THE USDA MAD COW FOLLIES POSITIVE TEST COVER UP</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">JOHANNS SECRET POSTIVE MAD COW TEST THAT WERE IGNORED</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">OIG AND THE HONORABLE FONG CONFIRMS TEXAS MAD AFTER AN ACT OF CONGRESS 7 MONTHS LATER</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">TEXAS MAD COW</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">THEY DID FINALLY TEST AFTER SITTING 7+ MONTHS ON A SHELF WHILE GW BORE THE BSE MRR POLICY, i.e. legal trading of all strains of TSE. now understand, i confirmed this case 7 months earlier to the TAHC, and then, only after i contacted the Honorable Phyllis Fong and after an act of Congress, this animal was finally confirmed ;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">During the course of the investigation, USDA removed and tested a total of 67 animals of interest from the farm where the index animal's herd originated. All of these animals tested negative for BSE. 200 adult animals of interest were determined to have left the index farm. Of these 200, APHIS officials determined that 143 had gone to slaughter, two were found alive (one was determined not to be of interest because of its age and the other tested negative), 34 are presumed dead, one is known dead and 20 have been classified as untraceable. In addition to the adult animals, APHIS was looking for two calves born to the index animal. Due to record keeping and identification issues, APHIS had to trace 213 calves. Of these 213 calves, 208 entered feeding and slaughter channels, four are presumed to have entered feeding and slaughter channels and one calf was untraceable.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">see new link;</div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100113185524/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100113185524/http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?contentidonly=true&contentid=2005/08/0336.xml</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Executive Summary In June 2005, an inconclusive bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) sample from November 2004, that had originally been classified as negative on the immunohistochemistry test, was confirmed positive on SAF immunoblot (Western blot). The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) identified the herd of origin for the index cow in Texas; that identification was confirmed by DNA analysis. USDA, in close cooperation with the Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC), established an incident command post (ICP) and began response activities according to USDA’s BSE Response Plan of September 2004. Response personnel removed at-risk cattle and cattle of interest (COI) from the index herd, euthanized them, and tested them for BSE; all were negative. USDA and the State extensively traced all at-risk cattle and COI that left the index herd. The majority of these animals entered rendering and/or slaughter channels well before the investigation began. USDA’s response to the Texas finding was thorough and effective.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Trace Herd 3 The owner of Trace Herd 3 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest. The herd was placed under hold order on 7/27/05. The herd inventory was conducted on 7/28/05. The animal of interest was not present within the herd, and the hold order was released on 7/28/05. The person who thought he sold the animal to the owner of Trace Herd 3 had no records and could not remember who else he might have sold the cow to. Additionally, a search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable because all leads were exhausted.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Trace Herd 4 The owner of Trace Herd 4 was identified as having received one of the COI through an order buyer. Trace Herd 4 was placed under hold order on 7/29/05. A complete herd inventory was conducted on 8/22/05 and 8/23/05. There were 233 head of cattle that were examined individually by both State and Federal personnel for all man-made identification and brands. The animal of interest was not present within the herd. Several animals were reported to have died in the herd sometime after they arrived on the premises in April 2005. A final search of GDB records yielded no further results on the eartag of interest at either subsequent market sale or slaughter. With all leads having been exhausted, this animal of interest has been classified as untraceable. The hold order on Trace Herd 4 was released on 8/23/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Trace Herd 5 The owner of Trace Herd 5 was identified as having received two COI and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 5 is made up of 67 head of cattle in multiple pastures. During the course of the herd inventory, the owner located records that indicated that one of the COI, a known birth cohort, had been sold to Trace Herd 8 where she was subsequently found alive. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the other animal of interest was not found within the herd. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 5 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest and she was subsequently classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 5 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Trace Herd 6 The owner of Trace Herd 6 was identified as possibly having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. This herd is made up of 58 head of cattle on two pastures. A herd inventory was conducted and the animal of interest was not present within the herd. The owner of Trace Herd 6 had very limited records and was unable to provide further information on where the cow might have gone after he purchased her from the livestock market. A search of GDB for all cattle sold through the markets by that individual did not result in a match to the animal of interest. Additionally, many of the animals presented for sale by the owner of the herd had been re-tagged at the market effectually losing the traceability of the history of that animal prior to re-tagging. The animal of interest traced to this herd was classified as untraceable due to all leads having been exhausted. The hold order on Trace Herd 6 was released on 8/3/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Trace Herd 7 The owner of Trace Herd 7 was identified as having received an animal of interest and was placed under hold order on 8/1/05. Trace Herd 7 contains 487 head of cattle on multiple pastures in multiple parts of the State, including a unit kept on an island. The island location is a particularly rough place to keep cattle and the owner claimed to have lost 22 head on the island in 2004 due to liver flukes. Upon completion of the herd inventory, the animal of interest was not found present within Trace Herd 7. A GDB search of all recorded herd tests conducted on Trace Herd 7 and all market sales by the owner failed to locate the identification tag of the animal of interest. The cow was subsequently classified as untraceable. It is quite possible though that she may have died within the herd, especially if she belonged to the island unit. The hold order on Trace Herd 7 was released on 8/8/05.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/issues/bse/epi-updates/bse_final_epidemiology_report.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">SEE;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/bse/downloads/bse_final_epi_report8-05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/bse/downloads/bse_final_epi_report8-05.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div><div><br /></div><div>An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services. In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130408065457/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20130408065457/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Audit Report Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program – Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Washington, D.C. 20250 January 25, 2006 REPLY TO ATTN OF: 50601-10-KC TO: W. Ron DeHaven Administrator Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Barbara Masters Administrator Food Safety and Inspection Service ATTN: William J. Hudnall Deputy Administrator Marketing Regulatory Program Business Services William C. Smith Assistant Administrator Office of Program Evaluation, Enforcement, and Review FROM: Robert W. Young /s/ Assistant Inspector General for Audit SUBJECT: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III This report presents the results of our audit of the enhanced BSE surveillance program and controls over specified risk materials and advanced meat recovery products. Your written response to the official draft report, dated January 20, 2006, is included as exhibit G with excerpts of the response and the Office of Inspector General’s (OIG) position incorporated into the Findings and Recommendations section of the report, where applicable. We accept the management decisions for all recommendations. Please follow your agency’s internal procedures in forwarding documentation for final action to the Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO). We are providing a separate memorandum to the agencies and OCFO that provides specific information on the actions to be completed to achieve final action. We appreciate your timely response and the cooperation and assistance provided to our staff during the audit USDA/OIG-A/50601-10-KC/ Page i</div><div><br /></div><div>Executive Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program - Phase II and Food Safety and Inspection Service - Controls Over BSE Sampling, Specified Risk Materials, and Advanced Meat Recovery Products - Phase III</div><div><br /></div><div>Results in Brief This report evaluates elements of the interlocking safeguards in place to protect United States (U.S.) beef from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, widely known as BSE or "mad cow disease." Since 1990, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), has led a multi-agency effort to monitor and prevent BSE from entering the food supply. After discovering a BSE-positive cow in December 2003, APHIS expanded its BSE surveillance program. To further protect the food supply, USDA banned materials identified as being at risk of carrying BSE (specified risk materials (SRM)), such as central nervous system tissue. As part of this effort, USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) required beef slaughter and processing facilities to incorporate controls for handling such materials into their operational plans. Onsite FSIS inspectors also inspect cattle for clinical signs in order to prevent diseased animals from being slaughtered for human consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safeguards, we assessed APHIS’ implementation of the expanded surveillance program, as well as FSIS’ controls to prevent banned SRMs from entering the food supply.</div><div><br /></div><div>In June 2004, APHIS implemented its expanded surveillance program; participation by industry in this surveillance program is voluntary. As of May 2005, over 350,000 animals were sampled and tested for BSE. To date, two animals tested positive for BSE; one tested positive after implementation of the expanded surveillance program.</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA made significant efforts to implement the expanded BSE surveillance program. Much needed to be done in a short period of time to establish the necessary processes, controls, infrastructure, and networks to assist in this effort. In addition, extensive outreach and coordination was undertaken with other Federal, State, and local entities, private industry, and laboratory and veterinary networks. This report provides an assessment as to the progress USDA made in expanding its surveillance effort and the effectiveness of its controls and processes. This report also discusses the limitations of its program and data in assessing the prevalence of BSE in the U.S. herd.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>40 ELISA test procedures require two additional (duplicate) tests if the initial test is reactive, before final interpretation. If either of the duplicate tests is reactive, the test is deemed inconclusive.</div><div><br /></div><div>41 Protocol for BSE Contract Laboratories to Receive and Test Bovine Brain Samples and Report Results for BSE Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), dated October 26, 2004.</div><div><br /></div><div>42 The NVSL conducted an ELISA test on the original material tested at the contract laboratory and on two new cuts from the sample tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>43 A visual examination of brain tissue by a microscope.</div><div><br /></div><div>44 A localized pathological change in a bodily organ or tissue.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE SEE FLAMING EVIDENCE THAT THE USDA ET AL COVERED UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS ;</div><div><br /></div><div>PAGE 43;</div><div><br /></div><div>Section 2. Testing Protocols and Quality Assurance Controls</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>FULL TEXT 130 PAGES</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20120620142046/http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS.</div><div><br /></div><div>Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary.</div><div><br /></div><div>This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind:</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100304142653/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20100304142653/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090801232225/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090801232225/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Suppressed peer review of Harvard study October 31, 2002.</div><div><br /></div><div>October 31, 2002 Review of the Evaluation of the Potential for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in the United States Conducted by the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, Harvard School of Public Health and Center for Computational Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University Final Report Prepared for U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Office of Public Health and Science Prepared by RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 RTI Project Number 07182.024</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20050308184249/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/topics/BSE_Peer_Review.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FULL TEXT OF GOA REPORT BELOW (takes a while to load)</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2. Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183, January 25.</div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">SATURDAY, AUGUST 16, 2008 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors in the United States February 13, 2000 at 3:37 pm PST (BSE red book) </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, September 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee; Notice of Meeting October 28 and 29, 2010 (COMMENT SUBMISSION)</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2010/09/transmissible-spongiform_14.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FULL TEXT OF GOA REPORT BELOW (takes a while to load)</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Mad Cow Disease: Improvements in the Animal Feed Ban and Other Regulatory Areas Would Strengthen U.S. Prevention Efforts. GAO-02-183, January 25.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-02-183</a></div><div><br /></div><div>8 hr BSE confirmation turnaround took 7+ months to confirm this case, so the BSE MRR policy could be put into place. ...TSS</div><div><br /></div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-USDA's surveillance plan for BSE aka mad cow disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Mon, 02 May 2005 16:59:07 -0500</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div><br /></div><div>To: <a href="mailto:paffairs@oig.hhs.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:paffairs@oig.hhs.gov">paffairs@oig.hhs.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov">HHSTips@oig.hhs.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us">contactOIG@hhsc.state.tx.us</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings Honorable Paul Feeney, Keith Arnold, and William Busbyet al at OIG, ...............</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>There will be several more emails of my research to follow. I respectfully request a full inquiry into the cover-up of TSEs in the United States of America over the past 30 years. I would be happy to testify...</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you, I am sincerely, Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box , Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 xxx xxx xxxx</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: June 14, 2005 at 1:46 pm PST</div><div><br /></div><div>In Reply to:</div><div><br /></div><div>Re: Transcript Ag. Secretary Mike Johanns and Dr. John Clifford, Regarding further analysis of BSE Inconclusive Test Results</div><div><br /></div><div>posted by TSS on June 13, 2005 at 7:33 pm:</div><div><br /></div><div>Secretary of Agriculture Ann M. Veneman resigns Nov 15 2004, three days later inclusive Mad Cow is announced. June 7th 2005 Bill Hawks Under Secretary for Marketing and Regulatory Programs resigns. Three days later same mad cow found in November turns out to be positive. Both resignation are unexpected. just pondering... TSS</div><div><br /></div><div><div>*** 2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 ***</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br /></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div><div>03-025IFA</div><div><br /></div><div>03-025IFA-2</div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary</div><div><br /></div><div>From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div><div><br /></div><div>Sent: Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM</div><div><br /></div><div>To: fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060316114732/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">PDF]Freas, William TSS SUBMISSION</span><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;">File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat -
Page 1. J Freas, William From: Sent: To: Subject: Terry S. Singeltary
Sr. [flounder@wt.net] Monday, January 08,200l 3:03 PM freas ...
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20170301223601/https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/AC/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></pre><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></pre><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, Scrapie, CWD, Testing and Surveillance 2022 A Review of History </div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/11/usda-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div style="color: #29303b;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716eletters-comment__description yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716serif yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716text-ellipses yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716truncated yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716collapse yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716show" id="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydp15069d2cyiv8825282716x697946"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Helvetica;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">USA National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) 2021 to 2003 A Year by Year Review<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black;"><div dir="ltr"><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>PLOS ONE Journal </div><div><br /></div><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div><br /></div><div>*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Monday, November 14, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Prion Diseases in Dromedary Camels (CPD) 2022 Review </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div><div><div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa40ce456yiv8825282716eletters-comment__description yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa40ce456yiv8825282716serif yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa40ce456yiv8825282716text-ellipses yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa40ce456yiv8825282716truncated yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa40ce456yiv8825282716collapse yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa40ce456yiv8825282716show" id="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa40ce456yiv8825282716x697946"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>SEAC Position statement Chronic wasting disease in UK deer January 2005 (updated July 2006) to 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-position-statement-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-position-statement-chronic-wasting.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>SEAC Scientific Steering Committee on TSE Prion </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-scientific-steering-committee-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/seac-scientific-steering-committee-on.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Network on BSE-TSE Minutes of the 17th meeting Held on 13-14 October 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/efsa-network-on-bse-tse-minutes-of-17th.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/11/efsa-network-on-bse-tse-minutes-of-17th.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><div>THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2015 </div><div><br /></div><div>Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk mad cow disease USDA and what really happened<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2012 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;">EIGHT FORMER SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE SPEAKING AT USDA'S 2012 AGRICULTURE OUTLOOK FORUM INDUCTED INTO USA MAD COW HALL OF SHAME<br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/02/eight-former-secretaries-of-agriculture.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/02/eight-former-secretaries-of-agriculture.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;">2020 DECEMBER</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 2020 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">Biden's pick Tom Vilsack Failed Terribly on Mad Cow BSE TSE Prion, why put him back as top Agriculture pick? </div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #29303b; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2020/12/bidens-pick-tom-vilsack-failed-terribly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2020/12/bidens-pick-tom-vilsack-failed-terribly.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;">SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">snip... </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic 14 © SEAC 2007 wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?” 41. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">snip... </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://seac992007.blogspot.com/2008/07/seac-draft-minutes-of-100th-meeting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://seac992007.blogspot.com/2008/07/seac-draft-minutes-of-100th-meeting.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://seac992007.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://seac992007.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">>>>There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA.<<< </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://seac992007.blogspot.com/2009/10/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://seac992007.blogspot.com/2009/10/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>American Academy of Neurology Emerging Sciences </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Website </div><div><br /></div><div>Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12px;">TUESDAY, MAY 24, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12px;">Texas Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update Singeltary FOIA Request Received May 23, 2022</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa4dca3ayiv1331167944AOLWebSuite yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa4dca3ayiv1331167944AOLWebSuiteM1" style="font-size: 12px;"><div id="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpa4dca3ayiv1331167944"><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div><div>MONDAY, JUNE 14, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Health and Human Services The Department of State Health Services Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease TSE Prion Report 2021?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2021/06/texas-health-and-human-services.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2021/06/texas-health-and-human-services.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><span style="color: #29303b;">THURSDAY, JUNE 23, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">UK Research and analysis Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) update (data to end of December 2021) Updated 21 June 2022</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/uk-research-and-analysis-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/uk-research-and-analysis-creutzfeldt.html</a></span></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial;"><div dir="ltr"><div><pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">TUESDAY, MAY 10, 2022
Concordance of CSF RT-QuIC across the European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease surveillance network
</span><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcreutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F05%2Fconcordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html&data=05%7C01%7CGStockburger%40abc27.com%7C7f4857b548ca4c57579308daccc305ce%7C9e5488e2e83844f6886cc7608242767e%7C0%7C1%7C638047435400177665%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=J1jRwzq6bfe1EmHJ1U3hF%2BQAqZ1OuoyDHuppWlB7lmY%3D&reserved=0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html</a>
</pre></div><div dir="ltr"><pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;"></pre><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Assessing the Potential Transmissibility of Bovine and Cervid Prions with a Human Prion Protein-based Model ARS RESEARCH </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftransmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F10%2Fassessing-potential-transmissibility-of.html&data=05%7C01%7CGStockburger%40abc27.com%7C7f4857b548ca4c57579308daccc305ce%7C9e5488e2e83844f6886cc7608242767e%7C0%7C1%7C638047435400177665%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=%2FkRtUDpQrbghIbnk7MSauru9GbZ6bEa8lJc1Iz2mejY%3D&reserved=0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/10/assessing-potential-transmissibility-of.html</a></div></div><pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </span></pre><pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
To the Editor:
In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally..
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex
1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.
</span></pre><pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fjama.jamanetwork.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D1031186&data=05%7C01%7CGStockburger%40abc27.com%7C7f4857b548ca4c57579308daccc305ce%7C9e5488e2e83844f6886cc7608242767e%7C0%7C1%7C638047435400177665%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=BZfI3lpvnnqo7vKRTrg4Y2SKC0KmzFW3UjyG%2F8jUZIo%3D&reserved=0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></pre><pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;"></pre><div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for The Lancet Infectious Diseases</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Manuscript Draft</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Manuscript Number:</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Title: HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Article Type: Personal View</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Corresponding Author: Mr. Terry S. Singeltary,</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Corresponding Author's Institution: na</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">First Author: Terry S Singeltary, none</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Order of Authors: Terry S Singeltary, none; Terry S. Singeltary</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Abstract: TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007.</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory August 2007</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">August 2007</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, surgical, blood, medical, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub-clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE (one strain TSE in cows), and the nv/v CJD (one strain TSE humans) and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD (when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al), and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans, to continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human.</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Manuscript</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. P.O. Box Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308blead yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308btext-muted yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bmb-3 yiv3041072968ydp535fc4eeyiv8520793791ydpe309fc02yiv7943631203ydpb4a00985yiv6154604746ydpec9c27f7yiv4374385699x_ydpec28ce7dyiv4426730788ydp474c308bjs-posted-text" style="line-height: 1.5;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #666666; font-size: 18px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nam11.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110507181935%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.regulations.gov%2Ffdmspublic%2FContentViewer%3FobjectId%3D090000648027c28e%26disposition%3Dattachment%26contentType%3Dpdf&data=05%7C01%7CGStockburger%40abc27.com%7C7f4857b548ca4c57579308daccc305ce%7C9e5488e2e83844f6886cc7608242767e%7C0%7C1%7C638047435400177665%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=qOOFSOTB2u5FE6CitQPNKjiplm39aUXdw1e6K8Q2uvI%3D&reserved=0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20110507181935/http://www.regulations.gov/fdmspublic/ContentViewer?objectId=090000648027c28e&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></pre></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></pre></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-54622911811315324902019-09-10T10:48:00.001-05:002019-09-10T10:48:31.149-05:00FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">
Food Safety and Inspection Service [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</div>
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Greetings FSIS et al, </div>
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I would kindly like to comment on the following docket;</div>
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[Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Federal Docket SRM TSE Prion</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Food Safety and Inspection Service [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021]</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">AGENCY: Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">ACTION: Notice and request for comments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-09-10/pdf/2019-19443.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-09-10/pdf/2019-19443.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">This information is critical, and should continue to be collected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The TSE prion is spreading across the USA in Cervid as in CWD TSE Prion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The mad cow surveillance, feed ban, testing, and SRM removal there from, has been, and still is, a terrible failure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">WE know that the </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">USA Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 was/is a colossal failure, and proven to be so year after year, decade after decade, and this was just admitted by the FDA et al (see below </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance S</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">ept. 2019 report).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">God, all these decades you hear from all the warning letters on SRM that were released to the public for consumption, that even if they did eat a SRM, the </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997 would save that tissue from that animal from having a TSE Prion, was nothing but lies. what about those children all across the USA that were fed the most high risk cattle for mad cow disease, i.e. dead stock downer cows via the USDA School lunch program, who will watch those kids for the next 50 years for cjd tse prion aka mad cow disease, let alone all the folks consuming SRMs that have been exposed to mad cow type disease in different livestock species, due to the fact the USA colossal failure of the BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) of August 1997. it's all documented below, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">see for yourself;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">LET THIS STATEMENT SINK IN!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 08, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Raccoons accumulate PrPSc after intracranial inoculation with the agents of chronic wasting disease (CWD) or transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) but not atypical scrapie</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or horderves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Thursday, November 28, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse), not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ???</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Saturday, September 21, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ???</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">try this link ;</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a></div>
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Sunday, November 13, 2011</div>
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*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer livestock</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, March 2, 2016</div>
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RANCHO He did not know that they were placing healthy cow heads next to suspect carcasses BSE TSE Prion</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html</a></div>
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Sunday, June 14, 2015</div>
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Larry’s Custom Meats Inc. Recalls Beef Tongue Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials BSE TSE Prion</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html</a></div>
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Thursday, June 12, 2014</div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials 4,012 pounds of fresh beef products because the dorsal root ganglia may not have been completely removed</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html</a></div>
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Saturday, November 10, 2012</div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That May Contain Specified Risk Materials Nov 9, 2012 WI Firm Recalls Beef Tongues</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Saturday, July 23, 2011</div>
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CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Sunday, October 18, 2009</div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Thursday, October 15, 2009</div>
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Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a></div>
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Thursday, June 26, 2008</div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Tuesday, July 1, 2008</div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Friday, August 8, 2008</div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs 941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed</div>
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Saturday, April 5, 2008</div>
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SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
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Friday, October 15, 2010</div>
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BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle</div>
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SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a></div>
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USDA BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, FEED, TESTING, SRM FIREWALLS...LMAO!</div>
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THE USDA FDA TRIPLE MAD COW DISEASE FIREWALL, WERE NOTHING MORE THAN INK ON PAPER !</div>
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infamous august 4, 1997 BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, part of usda fda et al TRIPLE MAD COW FIREWALL, 10 YEARS AFTER ;</div>
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10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div>
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Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div>
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Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI</div>
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PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007.</div>
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Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div>
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16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</div>
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Sunday, December 15, 2013</div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</div>
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Tuesday, December 23, 2014</div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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*** Monday, October 26, 2015 ***</div>
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*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 ***</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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Thursday, July 24, 2014</div>
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*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical BSE investigations</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a></div>
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*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
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Saturday, January 31, 2015</div>
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European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html</a></div>
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I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following reasons...</div>
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In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administrations BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system.</div>
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***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my!</span></div>
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***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable.</span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">
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<a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a></div>
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cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</div>
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***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div>
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>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div>
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***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div>
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***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. </div>
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This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. </div>
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Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Friday, December 14, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">snip.....</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">snip.....</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">snip.....</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">APHIS, FSIS, USDA, FDA, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE, BSE, CWD, Scrapie, Camel TSE Prion Disease, CJD Humans</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-fsis-usda-fda-transmissible.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-fsis-usda-fda-transmissible.html</a></span></span></div>
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WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div>
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The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, JULY 30, 2019 </div>
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Guidelines for reporting surveillance data on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) in the EU within the framework of Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 APPROVED: 9 July 2019</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/07/guidelines-for-reporting-surveillance.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/07/guidelines-for-reporting-surveillance.html</a></div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div>
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P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div>
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Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div>
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reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div>
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***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div>
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***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div>
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Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018 </div>
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USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </div>
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USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </div>
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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </div>
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Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div>
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CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </div>
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*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div>
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*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></div>
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THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </div>
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USDA OIE Alabama Atypical L-type BASE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE animal feeds for ruminants rule, 21 CFR 589.200</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 15, 2017 </div>
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In vitro amplification of H-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy by protein misfolding cyclic amplification </div>
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"When considering the atypical L-BSE and H-BSE diseases of cattle, they have been assessed in both non-human primate and transgenic mouse bioassays (with mice transgenic for human PRNP) and both model systems indicate that H-BSE and L-BSE may have increased zoonotic potential compare with C-BSE. </div>
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***The detection of all types of BSE is therefore of significant importance." </div>
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Saturday, June 25, 2011</div>
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Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque</div>
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"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">see ;</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason, and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call for this organization to be dissolved... </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, May 05, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, December 5, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IN A NUT SHELL ; (Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) 11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, December 15, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> ADRD Summit RFI Singeltary COMMENT SUBMISSION BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, AND HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 2019 </span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">
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Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html</a> </div>
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***> FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 MAD COW USA FLASHBACK Texas Style</div>
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FRIDAY DECEMBER 14, 2018 </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html</a> </div>
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THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 2019 </div>
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MAD COW USDA DISEASE BSE TSE Prion </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2015 </div>
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Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk mad cow disease USDA and what really happened</div>
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HOW TO COVER UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a> </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html</a> </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United States of America Information received on 29/08/2018 from Dr John Clifford, Official Delegate, Chief Trade Advisor, APHIS USDA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">''The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.''</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">well, so much for those herd mates exposed to this atypical BSE cow, and all those trace in and trace outs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The OIE, USDA, and the BSE MRR policy is a joke, a sad, very sad joke...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">***> USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a></div>
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*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary Sr. Submission ***</div>
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Monday, November 16, 2015</div>
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*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary Sr. Submission ***</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032</a></div>
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Draft Guidance for Industry on Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm; Availability</div>
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# 203 entitled “Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed On-Farm.”</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr. submission ;</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003</a></div>
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Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission</div>
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Posted: 12/30/2014ID: APHIS-2014-0107-0001</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003</a></div>
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Notice: Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal Carcass Management</div>
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Document ID: APHIS-2013-0044-0001 Docket ID: APHIS-2013-0044 Comment ID: APHIS-2013-0044-0002</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.noticeandcomment.com/APHIS-2013-0044-0002-fcod-365217.aspx" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.noticeandcomment.com/APHIS-2013-0044-0002-fcod-365217.aspx</a></div>
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(APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program (Document ID APHIS-2011-0032-0001)</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0032-0002" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0032-0002</a></div>
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Owens, Julie</div>
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From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div>
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Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM</div>
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To: FSIS RegulationsComments</div>
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Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98</div>
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<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div>
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FSIS, USDA, REPLY TO SINGELTARY</div>
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<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a></div>
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From:Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div>
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Sent:Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM</div>
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To:fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov</div>
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Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle</div>
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<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div>
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APHIS-2006-0118-0096 CWD</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0118-0100" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0118-0100</a></div>
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DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500 EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a></div>
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PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ;</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a></div>
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2001 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div>
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ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION</div>
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O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></div>
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***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </span></div>
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***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">SNIP...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Cervid to human prion transmission </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Kong, Qingzhong Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">We hypothesize that: </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></div>
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<br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">ZOONOTIC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE</span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">here is the latest;</span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Hermann M. Schatzl, Samia Hannaoui, Yo-Ching Cheng, Sabine Gilch (Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada) Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Walter Schulz-Schaeffer (University of Homburg/Saar, Germany), Christiane Stahl-Hennig (German Primate Center) & Stefanie Czub (CFIA Lethbridge). </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were detected in spinal cord and brain of some euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and pre-clinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <*** </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv2717082475externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">READING OVER THE PRION 2018 ABSTRACT BOOK, LOOKS LIKE THEY FOUND THAT from this study ; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1) (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">SEEMS THAT THEY FOUND Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">states. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND ANOTHER STUDY; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2) (1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">IN THIS STUDY, THERE WERE autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017, </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">included 104 patients. SEEMS THEY FOUND THAT The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%), </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">THAT The Majority of cases were male (60%), AND half of them had exposure to wild game. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">snip...</span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">see more on Prion 2017 Macaque study from Prion 2017 Conference and other updated science on cwd tse prion zoonosis below...terry </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv2717082475externalLink" href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv2717082475externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv2717082475externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv2717082475externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2019 </span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px;">
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Experts: Yes, chronic wasting disease in deer is a public health issue — for people</div>
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FRIDAY, JULY 26, 2019 </div>
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***> Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervids: Implications for Prion Transmission to Humans and Other Animal Species</div>
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***> Wisconsin Laboratory Testing Options for Prion Diseases, Wisconsin Neurologists, Clinical Laboratory Directors, and Infection Preventionists, Please Distribute Widely</div>
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Preparing for the Storm</div>
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friendly fire, pass it forward, they call it iatrogenic cjd, or what i call 'tse prion poker', are you all in $$$</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Medical Devices Containing Materials Derived from Animal Sources (Except for In Vitro Diagnostic Devices) Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff Document issued on March 15, 2019 Singeltary Submission</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Horizon Health Network Moncton Hospital notified more than 700 patients after two cases of CJD were diagnosed both patients had undergone cataracts surgery before being diagnosed</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated Feb 1, 2019 Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy VPSPr</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2019/03/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2019/03/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 2019 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, TSE, Prion, Surveillance Update August 2019</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Subject: Prion 2019 Conference</span><br /><br /><div id="yiv2717082475">
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Thursday, May 23, 2019 </div>
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Prion 2019 Emerging Concepts CWD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CJD, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Schedule and Abstracts</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html</a></div>
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see full Prion 2019 Conference Abstracts</div>
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<span style="color: #0096ef;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Traceability of animal protein byproducts in ruminants by multivariate analysis of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to prevent transmission of prion diseases</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">P132 Aged cattle brain displays Alzheimer’s-like pathology that can be propagated in a prionlike manner</span></div>
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Ines Moreno-Gonzalez (1), George Edwards III (1), Rodrigo Morales (1), Claudia Duran-Aniotz (1), Mercedes Marquez (2), Marti Pumarola (2), Claudio Soto (1) </div>
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snip...</div>
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These results may contribute to uncover a previously unsuspected etiology surrounding some cases of sporadic AD. However, the early and controversial stage of the field of prion-like transmission in non-prion diseases added to the artificial nature of the animal models utilized for these studies, indicate that extrapolation of the results to humans should not be done without further experiments. </div>
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P75 Determining transmissibility and proteome changes associated with abnormal bovine prionopathy </div>
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Dudas S (1,2), Seuberlich T (3), Czub S (1,2) </div>
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In prion diseases, it is believed that altered protein conformation encodes for different pathogenic strains. Currently 3 different strains of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are confirmed. Diagnostic tests for BSE are able to identify animals infected with all 3 strains, however, several diagnostic laboratories have reported samples with inconclusive results which are challenging to classify. It was suggested that these may be novel strains of BSE; to determine transmissibility, brain material from index cases were inoculated into cattle. </div>
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In the first passage, cattle were intra-cranially challenged with brain homogenate from 2 Swiss animals with abnormal prionopathy. The challenged cattle incubated for 3 years and were euthanized with no clinical signs of neurologic disease. Animals were negative when tested on validated diagnostic tests but several research methods demonstrated changes in the prion conformation in these cattle, including density gradient centrifugation and immunohistochemistry. Currently, samples from the P1 animals are being tested for changes in protein levels using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that, if a prionopathy is present, this approach should identify pathways and targets to decipher the source of altered protein conformation. In addition, a second set of cattle have been challenged with brain material from the first passage. Ideally, these cattle will be given a sufficient incubation period to provide a definitive answer to the question of transmissibility. </div>
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=====prion 2018===</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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Singeltary PloS</div>
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IBNC BSE TSE Prion mad cow disease</div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div>
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div>
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div>
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Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
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SUNDAY, MAY 26, 2019 </div>
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Arguments for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases caused by prions Stanley B. Prusiner </div>
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''From a large array of bioassays, we conclude that AD, PD, MSA, and the frontotemporal dementias, including PSP and CBD, are all prion diseases''</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2019/05/arguments-for-alzheimers-and-parkinsons.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2019/05/arguments-for-alzheimers-and-parkinsons.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></span></div>
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wasted days and wasted nights...Freddy Fender</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-61440934576408395472019-05-31T10:50:00.001-05:002019-05-31T10:50:33.160-05:00FSA Preston abattoir ordered to pay more than £44,800 for the plant had consigned meat without “specified risk material” being removed<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
Preston abattoir ordered to pay more than £44,800 for public health failures</div>
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An abattoir based in Preston, Lancashire has been ordered to pay more than £44,800 for failing to ensure the removal of specific animal parts which breached regulations.</div>
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An FSA unannounced inspection at Bowland Foods Limited in early November, found the plant had consigned meat without “specified risk material” being removed.</div>
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Inspectors found carcases and records which showed the business had not removed the material from animals over thirty months old.</div>
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In total, 33 carcases still containing the parts were sent to a meat cutting plant between 15 September 2017 and 30 October 2017.</div>
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Bowland Foods initially pleaded not guilty before accepting they had received the meat along with documents stating removal was required.</div>
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District Judge McCormack sitting at Preston Magistrates’ Court, gave the business a reduced £35,440 fine because of the guilty plea. They were also ordered to pay the FSA’s full prosecution costs of £9,384 and a victim surcharge of £170.</div>
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Dr Colin Sullivan, Chief Operating Officer at the FSA said:</div>
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‘This fine underlines how seriously breaches of public health regulations are taken. ‘It is vitally important for consumers and the wider industry that regulations are followed and public health is protected.</div>
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'The FSA will continue to investigate and consider prosecutions to ensure regulations are upheld.' The Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (England) Regulations 2010 require correct removal and disposal of specific parts of animals before they enter the food chain to reduce risk from brain diseases that cattle, sheep and goats are vulnerable to.</div>
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The most widely recognised of these diseases is BSE in cattle (referred to as ‘mad cow disease’), which has been linked to human diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).</div>
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<a href="https://www.food.gov.uk/print/pdf/node/2321" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.food.gov.uk/print/pdf/node/2321</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Abattoir fined more than £265,000 for failure to follow public health regulations </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dunbia (Preston) fined over a quarter of a million pounds - the highest ever FSA fine. 28 March 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dunbia (Preston) Limited has been handed fines and costs totalling more than £266,000 after pleading guilty for failing to ensure the removal of specified parts of the animals required by law, referred to as “specified risk material”. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The fine is the most significant to be handed out to a UK meat producer and is for failures to comply with the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (England) Regulations 2010.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">FSA inspectors found a sheep without a fully removed spleen and a cow that had not had its spinal cord fully removed. The final charge was for two sheep heads with permanent incisors erupted which were incorrectly identified as lambs and therefore destined for human consumption instead of disposal.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">After pleading guilty, Dunbia received a reduced £250,000 fine for the three offences and was ordered to pay full prosecution costs of £16,121.42 and a victim surcharge of £170.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The written judgement from HHJ Woolman was issued on Monday 25 March following a sentencing hearing which took place at Preston Crown Court on Monday 11 March.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">TSE regulations help to reduce risk from a group of brain diseases that cattle, sheep and goats are vulnerable to by requiring correct removal and disposal of specific parts of those animals before they enter the food chain. The most widely recognised of these diseases is BSE in cattle (referred to as ‘mad cow disease’), which has been linked to the human TSE diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dr Colin Sullivan, Chief Operating Officer at the FSA said:</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">“This very significant fine underlines just how seriously breaches of these regulations are taken.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">“It is vitally important for consumers and the wider industry that they are followed and public health is protected. The FSA will continue to investigate and prosecute any food businesses we find failing to uphold them.”</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">“However, I should put on record that since the start of court proceedings Dunbia has signed up to our enhanced assurance initiative which involves working more closely with the company using data from a range of different audits and other data to help demonstrate compliance with official controls.”</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.food.gov.uk/news-alerts/news/abattoir-fined-more-than-ps265000-for-failure-to-follow-public-health-regulations" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.food.gov.uk/news-alerts/news/abattoir-fined-more-than-ps265000-for-failure-to-follow-public-health-regulations</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">STEF HALL Email Published: 13:13 Friday 01 March 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">Promoted by Age Partnership Preston based Bowland Foods Limited has denied a food safety charge. The Food Standards Agency has launched a prosecution against the company alleging it consigned unsafe meat to three companies: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">Swaledale Foods Limited, </span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">J Pitt Butchers and R Porter. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">The family firm operates a meat cutting plant at Roman Way Industrial Estate, Longridge Road, Preston. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">It is alleged the bovine material it supplied still contained parts of the spinal column, which could be deemed a risk to human health. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">The company faces a charge under the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (England) Regulations 2010, which were brought in to tackle diseases that affect the brain and nervous system of humans and animals, including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. The firm has entered a not guilty plea. The case was adjourned until April 16 over a legal argument, with an expected trial on May 20 before Preston magistrates. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">READ MORE: Morrisons supermarket firm denies selling several food items past use by date at Preston Docks store</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f9f9f7; font-family: open-sans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.lep.co.uk/news/crime/preston-meat-firm-faces-food-safety-charge-brought-under-legislation-to-protect-the-public-from-diseases-like-cjd-1-9624494" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.lep.co.uk/news/crime/preston-meat-firm-faces-food-safety-charge-brought-under-legislation-to-protect-the-public-from-diseases-like-cjd-1-9624494</a></span></div>
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FSA SRM</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, MARCH 28, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">FSA Abattoir fined more than £265,000 for failure to follow public health regulations SRM'S TSE PRION</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/03/fsa-abattoir-fined-more-than-265000-for.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/03/fsa-abattoir-fined-more-than-265000-for.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px;">The European Union Summary Report On Surveillance For The Presence Of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE): The Situation In 2017</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/05/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/05/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Estimation of prion infectivity in tissues of cattle infected with atypical BSE by real time-quaking induced conversion assay</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html</a></span></span></div>
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***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div>
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***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div>
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<a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div>
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Thursday, May 23, 2019 </div>
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Prion 2019 Emerging Concepts CWD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CJD, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Schedule and Abstracts</div>
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<a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html</a></div>
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see full Prion 2019 Conference Abstracts</div>
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<span style="color: #0096ef;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Assessing chronic wasting disease strain differences in free-ranging cervids across the United States</span></div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/assessing-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/assessing-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div>
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mad cow bse tse prion science and regulation there from, in regression globally...very sad...terry</div>
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***> This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div>
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Rapid recontamination of a farm building occurs after attempted prion removal</div>
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<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105054</a></div>
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Kevin Christopher Gough, BSc (Hons), PhD1, Claire Alison Baker, BSc (Hons)2, Steve Hawkins, MIBiol3, Hugh Simmons, BVSc, MRCVS, MBA, MA3, Timm Konold, DrMedVet, PhD, MRCVS3 and Ben Charles Maddison, BSc (Hons), PhD2</div>
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The transmissible spongiform encephalopathy scrapie of sheep/goats and chronic wasting disease of cervids are associated with environmental reservoirs of infectivity. </div>
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Preventing environmental prions acting as a source of infectivity to healthy animals is of major concern to farms that have had outbreaks of scrapie and also to the health management of wild and farmed cervids. </div>
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Here, an efficient scrapie decontamination protocol was applied to a farm with high levels of environmental contamination with the scrapie agent. </div>
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Post-decontamination, no prion material was detected within samples taken from the farm buildings as determined using a sensitive in vitro replication assay (sPMCA). </div>
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A bioassay consisting of 25 newborn lambs of highly susceptible prion protein genotype VRQ/VRQ introduced into this decontaminated barn was carried out in addition to sampling and analysis of dust samples that were collected during the bioassay. </div>
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Twenty-four of the animals examined by immunohistochemical analysis of lymphatic tissues were scrapie-positive during the bioassay, samples of dust collected within the barn were positive by month 3. </div>
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The data illustrates the difficulty in decontaminating farm buildings from scrapie, and demonstrates the likely contribution of farm dust to the recontamination of these environments to levels that are capable of causing disease.</div>
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As in the authors' previous study,12 the decontamination of this sheep barn was not effective at removing scrapie infectivity, and despite the extra measures brought into this study (more effective chemical treatment and removal of sources of dust) the overall rates of disease transmission mirror previous results on this farm. With such apparently effective decontamination (assuming that at least some sPMCA seeding ability is coincident with infectivity), how was infectivity able to persist within the environment and where does infectivity reside? Dust samples were collected in both the bioassay barn and also a barn subject to the same decontamination regime within the same farm (but remaining unoccupied). Within both of these barns dust had accumulated for three months that was able to seed sPMCA, indicating the accumulation of scrapie-containing material that was independent of the presence of sheep that may have been incubating and possibly shedding low amounts of infectivity.</div>
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This study clearly demonstrates the difficulty in removing scrapie infectivity from the farm environment. Practical and effective prion decontamination methods are still urgently required for decontamination of scrapie infectivity from farms that have had cases of scrapie and this is particularly relevant for scrapiepositive goatherds, which currently have limited genetic resistance to scrapie within commercial breeds.24 This is very likely to have parallels with control efforts for CWD in cervids.</div>
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Acknowledgements The authors thank the APHA farm staff, Tony Duarte, Olly Roberts and Margaret Newlands for preparation of the sheep pens and animal husbandry during the study. The authors also thank the APHA pathology team for RAMALT and postmortem examination.</div>
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Funding This study was funded by DEFRA within project SE1865. </div>
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Competing interests None declared. </div>
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<a href="https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/early/2019/01/02/vr.105054.long" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/early/2019/01/02/vr.105054.long</a></div>
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Saturday, January 5, 2019 </div>
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<a href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/rapid-recontamination-of-farm-building.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/rapid-recontamination-of-farm-building.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS PRION CONFERENCE 2018</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">P69 Experimental transmission of CWD from white-tailed deer to co-housed reindeer </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mitchell G (1), Walther I (1), Staskevicius A (1), Soutyrine A (1), Balachandran A (1) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">(1) National & OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) continues to be detected in wild and farmed cervid populations of North America, affecting predominantly white-tailed deer, mule deer and elk. Extensive herds of wild caribou exist in northern regions of Canada, although surveillance has not detected the presence of CWD in this population. Oral experimental transmission has demonstrated that reindeer, a species closely related to caribou, are susceptible to CWD. Recently, CWD was detected for the first time in Europe, in wild Norwegian reindeer, advancing the possibility that caribou in North America could also become infected. Given the potential overlap in habitat between wild CWD-infected cervids and wild caribou herds in Canada, we sought to investigate the horizontal transmissibility of CWD from white-tailed deer to reindeer. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Two white-tailed deer were orally inoculated with a brain homogenate prepared from a farmed Canadian white-tailed deer previously diagnosed with CWD. Two reindeer, with no history of exposure to CWD, were housed in the same enclosure as the white-tailed deer, 3.5 months after the deer were orally inoculated. The white-tailed deer developed clinical signs consistent with CWD beginning at 15.2 and 21 months post-inoculation (mpi), and were euthanized at 18.7 and 23.1 mpi, respectively. Confirmatory testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot demonstrated widespread aggregates of pathological prion protein (PrPCWD) in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues of both inoculated white-tailed deer. Both reindeer were subjected to recto-anal mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT) biopsy at 20 months post-exposure (mpe) to the white-tailed deer. The biopsy from one reindeer contained PrPCWD confirmed by IHC. This reindeer displayed only subtle clinical evidence of disease prior to a rapid decline in condition requiring euthanasia at 22.5 mpe. Analysis of tissues from this reindeer by IHC revealed widespread PrPCWD deposition, predominantly in central nervous system and lymphoreticular tissues. Western blot molecular profiles were similar between both orally inoculated white-tailed deer and the CWD positive reindeer. Despite sharing the same enclosure, the other reindeer was RAMALT negative at 20 mpe, and PrPCWD was not detected in brainstem and lymphoid tissues following necropsy at 35 mpe. Sequencing of the prion protein gene from both reindeer revealed differences at several codons, which may have influenced susceptibility to infection. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Natural transmission of CWD occurs relatively efficiently amongst cervids, supporting the expanding geographic distribution of disease and the potential for transmission to previously naive populations. The efficient horizontal transmission of CWD from white-tailed deer to reindeer observed here highlights the potential for reindeer to become infected if exposed to other cervids or environments infected with CWD. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px;">***> Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, </span><span style="font-size: 16px;">but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Gudmundur Georgsson,1 Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Correspondence</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Gudmundur Georgsson <a href="mailto:ggeorgs@hi.is" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:ggeorgs@hi.is">ggeorgs@hi.is</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1 Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v/vesturlandsveg, IS-112 Reykjavı´k, Iceland</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2 Laboratory of the Chief Veterinary Officer, Keldur, Iceland</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3 Bethesda, Maryland, USA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Received 7 March 2006 Accepted 6 August 2006</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In 1978, a rigorous programme was implemented to stop the spread of, and subsequently eradicate, sheep scrapie in Iceland. Affected flocks were culled, premises were disinfected and, after 2–3 years, restocked with lambs from scrapie-free areas. Between 1978 and 2004, scrapie recurred on 33 farms. Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. Of special interest was one farm with a small, completely self-contained flock where scrapie recurred 18 years after culling, 2 years after some lambs had been housed in an old sheephouse that had never been disinfected. Epidemiological investigation established with near certitude that the disease had not been introduced from the outside and it is concluded that the agent may have persisted in the old sheep-house for at least 16 years.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">TITLE: PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE IN REINDEER AND DEMONSTRATION OF HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=328261</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"> *** DECEMBER 2016 CDC EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL CWD HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0635_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0635_article</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SEE;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Back around 2000, 2001, or so, I was corresponding with officials abroad during the bse inquiry, passing info back and forth, and some officials from here inside USDA aphis FSIS et al. In fact helped me get into the USA 50 state emergency BSE conference call way back. That one was a doozy. But I always remember what “deep throat” I never knew who they were, but I never forgot;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Some unofficial information from a source on the inside looking out -</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Confidential!!!!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">---end personal email---end...tss</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/04/scrapie-transmits-to-pigs-by-oral-route.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/04/scrapie-transmits-to-pigs-by-oral-route.html</a></div>
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Infectivity surviving ashing to 600*C is (in my opinion) degradable but infective. based on Bown & Gajdusek, (1991), landfill and burial may be assumed to have a reduction factor of 98% (i.e. a factor of 50) over 3 years. CJD-infected brain-tissue remained infectious after storing at room-temperature for 22 months (Tateishi et al, 1988). Scrapie agent is known to remain viable after at least 30 months of desiccation (Wilson et al, 1950). and pastures that had been grazed by scrapie-infected sheep still appeared to be contaminated with scrapie agent three years after they were last occupied by sheep (Palsson, 1979).</div>
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<a href="http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out58_en.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out58_en.pdf</a></div>
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Dr. Paul Brown Scrapie Soil Test BSE Inquiry Document</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505211734/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/sc/Seac07/tab03.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px;">Using in vitro Prion replication for high sensitive detection of prions and prionlike proteins and for understanding mechanisms of transmission. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Claudio Soto Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's diseases and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Prion and prion-like proteins are misfolded protein aggregates with the ability to selfpropagate to spread disease between cells, organs and in some cases across individuals. I n T r a n s m i s s i b l e s p o n g i f o r m encephalopathies (TSEs), prions are mostly composed by a misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPSc), which propagates by transmitting its misfolding to the normal prion protein (PrPC). The availability of a procedure to replicate prions in the laboratory may be important to study the mechanism of prion and prion-like spreading and to develop high sensitive detection of small quantities of misfolded proteins in biological fluids, tissues and environmental samples. Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) is a simple, fast and efficient methodology to mimic prion replication in the test tube. PMCA is a platform technology that may enable amplification of any prion-like misfolded protein aggregating through a seeding/nucleation process. In TSEs, PMCA is able to detect the equivalent of one single molecule of infectious PrPSc and propagate prions that maintain high infectivity, strain properties and species specificity. Using PMCA we have been able to detect PrPSc in blood and urine of experimentally infected animals and humans affected by vCJD with high sensitivity and specificity. Recently, we have expanded the principles of PMCA to amplify amyloid-beta (Aβ) and alphasynuclein (α-syn) aggregates implicated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, respectively. Experiments are ongoing to study the utility of this technology to detect Aβ and α-syn aggregates in samples of CSF and blood from patients affected by these diseases.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">=========================</span></span></div>
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***>>> Recently, we have been using PMCA to study the role of environmental prion contamination on the horizontal spreading of TSEs. These experiments have focused on the study of the interaction of prions with plants and environmentally relevant surfaces. Our results show that plants (both leaves and roots) bind tightly to prions present in brain extracts and excreta (urine and feces) and retain even small quantities of PrPSc for long periods of time. Strikingly, ingestion of prioncontaminated leaves and roots produced disease with a 100% attack rate and an incubation period not substantially longer than feeding animals directly with scrapie brain homogenate. Furthermore, plants can uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them to different parts of the plant tissue (stem and leaves). Similarly, prions bind tightly to a variety of environmentally relevant surfaces, including stones, wood, metals, plastic, glass, cement, etc. Prion contaminated surfaces efficiently transmit prion disease when these materials were directly injected into the brain of animals and strikingly when the contaminated surfaces were just placed in the animal cage. These findings demonstrate that environmental materials can efficiently bind infectious prions and act as carriers of infectivity, suggesting that they may play an important role in the horizontal transmission of the disease.</span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">========================</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Since its invention 13 years ago, PMCA has helped to answer fundamental questions of prion propagation and has broad applications in research areas including the food industry, blood bank safety and human and veterinary disease diagnosis. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">New studies on the heat resistance of hamster-adapted scrapie agent: Threshold survival after ashing at 600°C suggests an inorganic template of replication </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/97/7/3418.full</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Prion Infected Meat-and-Bone Meal Is Still Infectious after Biodiesel Production </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493038/</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Detection of protease-resistant cervid prion protein in water from a CWD-endemic area </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802782/pdf/prion0303_0171.pdf</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">A Quantitative Assessment of the Amount of Prion Diverted to Category 1 Materials and Wastewater During Processing </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x/abstract</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Rapid assessment of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion inactivation by heat treatment in yellow grease produced in the industrial manufacturing process of meat and bone meals </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/07/rapid-assessment-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/07/rapid-assessment-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PPo4-4: </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Survival and Limited Spread of TSE Infectivity after Burial </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2010/prion_2010_programme.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2010/prion_2010_programme.pdf</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2010/09/cwd-prion-2010.html</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Discussion Classical scrapie is an environmentally transmissible disease because it has been reported in naïve, supposedly previously unexposed sheep placed in pastures formerly occupied by scrapie-infected sheep (4, 19, 20). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Although the vector for disease transmission is not known, soil is likely to be an important reservoir for prions (2) where – based on studies in rodents – prions can adhere to minerals as a biologically active form (21) and remain infectious for more than 2 years (22). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Similarly, chronic wasting disease (CWD) has re-occurred in mule deer housed in paddocks used by infected deer 2 years earlier, which was assumed to be through foraging and soil consumption (23). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Our study suggested that the risk of acquiring scrapie infection was greater through exposure to contaminated wooden, plastic, and metal surfaces via water or food troughs, fencing, and hurdles than through grazing. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Drinking from a water trough used by the scrapie flock was sufficient to cause infection in sheep in a clean building. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Exposure to fences and other objects used for rubbing also led to infection, which supported the hypothesis that skin may be a vector for disease transmission (9). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The risk of these objects to cause infection was further demonstrated when 87% of 23 sheep presented with PrPSc in lymphoid tissue after grazing on one of the paddocks, which contained metal hurdles, a metal lamb creep and a water trough in contact with the scrapie flock up to 8 weeks earlier, whereas no infection had been demonstrated previously in sheep grazing on this paddock, when equipped with new fencing and field furniture. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">When the contaminated furniture and fencing were removed, the infection rate dropped significantly to 8% of 12 sheep, with soil of the paddock as the most likely source of infection caused by shedding of prions from the scrapie-infected sheep in this paddock up to a week earlier. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">This study also indicated that the level of contamination of field furniture sufficient to cause infection was dependent on two factors: stage of incubation period and time of last use by scrapie-infected sheep. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Drinking from a water trough that had been used by scrapie sheep in the predominantly pre-clinical phase did not appear to cause infection, whereas infection was shown in sheep drinking from the water trough used by scrapie sheep in the later stage of the disease. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">It is possible that contamination occurred through shedding of prions in saliva, which may have contaminated the surface of the water trough and subsequently the water when it was refilled. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Contamination appeared to be sufficient to cause infection only if the trough was in contact with sheep that included clinical cases. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Indeed, there is an increased risk of bodily fluid infectivity with disease progression in scrapie (24) and CWD (25) based on PrPSc detection by sPMCA. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Although ultraviolet light and heat under natural conditions do not inactivate prions (26), furniture in contact with the scrapie flock, which was assumed to be sufficiently contaminated to cause infection, did not act as vector for disease if not used for 18 months, which suggest that the weathering process alone was sufficient to inactivate prions. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PrPSc detection by sPMCA is increasingly used as a surrogate for infectivity measurements by bioassay in sheep or mice. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In this reported study, however, the levels of PrPSc present in the environment were below the limit of detection of the sPMCA method, yet were still sufficient to cause infection of in-contact animals. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In the present study, the outdoor objects were removed from the infected flock 8 weeks prior to sampling and were positive by sPMCA at very low levels (2 out of 37 reactions). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">As this sPMCA assay also yielded 2 positive reactions out of 139 in samples from the scrapie-free farm, the sPMCA assay could not detect PrPSc on any of the objects above the background of the assay. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">False positive reactions with sPMCA at a low frequency associated with de novo formation of infectious prions have been reported (27, 28). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">This is in contrast to our previous study where we demonstrated that outdoor objects that had been in contact with the scrapie-infected flock up to 20 days prior to sampling harbored PrPSc that was detectable by sPMCA analysis [4 out of 15 reactions (12)] and was significantly more positive by the assay compared to analogous samples from the scrapie-free farm. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">This discrepancy could be due to the use of a different sPMCA substrate between the studies that may alter the efficiency of amplification of the environmental PrPSc. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In addition, the present study had a longer timeframe between the objects being in contact with the infected flock and sampling, which may affect the levels of extractable PrPSc. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Alternatively, there may be potentially patchy contamination of this furniture with PrPSc, which may have been missed by swabbing. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The failure of sPMCA to detect CWD-associated PrP in saliva from clinically affected deer despite confirmation of infectivity in saliva-inoculated transgenic mice was associated with as yet unidentified inhibitors in saliva (29), and it is possible that the sensitivity of sPMCA is affected by other substances in the tested material. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In addition, sampling of amplifiable PrPSc and subsequent detection by sPMCA may be more difficult from furniture exposed to weather, which is supported by the observation that PrPSc was detected by sPMCA more frequently in indoor than outdoor furniture (12). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">A recent experimental study has demonstrated that repeated cycles of drying and wetting of prion-contaminated soil, equivalent to what is expected under natural weathering conditions, could reduce PMCA amplification efficiency and extend the incubation period in hamsters inoculated with soil samples (30). </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">This seems to apply also to this study even though the reduction in infectivity was more dramatic in the sPMCA assays than in the sheep model. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Sheep were not kept until clinical end-point, which would have enabled us to compare incubation periods, but the lack of infection in sheep exposed to furniture that had not been in contact with scrapie sheep for a longer time period supports the hypothesis that prion degradation and subsequent loss of infectivity occurs even under natural conditions. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">In conclusion, the results in the current study indicate that removal of furniture that had been in contact with scrapie-infected animals should be recommended, particularly since cleaning and decontamination may not effectively remove scrapie infectivity (31), even though infectivity declines considerably if the pasture and the field furniture have not been in contact with scrapie-infected sheep for several months. As sPMCA failed to detect PrPSc in furniture that was subjected to weathering, even though exposure led to infection in sheep, this method may not always be reliable in predicting the risk of scrapie infection through environmental contamination. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">These results suggest that the VRQ/VRQ sheep model may be more sensitive than sPMCA for the detection of environmentally associated scrapie, and suggest that extremely low levels of scrapie contamination are able to cause infection in susceptible sheep genotypes. </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Keywords: classical scrapie, prion, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, sheep, field furniture, reservoir, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2015.00032/full</a></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Wednesday, December 16, 2015 </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">*** Objects in contact with classical scrapie sheep act as a reservoir for scrapie transmission *** </span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2015/12/objects-in-contact-with-classical.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</span></div>
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<a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/02/bse-infectivity-survives-burial-for.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/02/bse-infectivity-survives-burial-for.html</a></div>
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***> PLEASE NOTE, FOR SCRAPIE, UNDER ZOONOSIS DISEASE, </div>
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<a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/sheep-and-goat-health/national-scrapie-eradication-program/sheep-and-goat-identification/ct_zoonotic_disease" id="yiv2564688046anch_78" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; color: #336699; cursor: pointer; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Zoonotic Diseases of Sheep and Goats</span></a></div>
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THEY FAILED TO SHOW NEW SCIENTIFIC STUDIES LINKING BOTH ATYPICAL AND TYPICAL SCRAPIE TO HUMANS...see;</div>
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ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION</div>
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O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></div>
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***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">R. BRADLEY</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </span></div>
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***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,?? +Author Affiliations</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">*** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">OR</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">OR</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">*** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a></div>
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OR here;</div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789619/pdf/JPATH175002566.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789619/pdf/JPATH175002566.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691246/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691246/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">*** The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and Nor98.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">VARIABLY PROTEASE-SENSITVE PRIONOPATHY IS TRANSMISSIBLE ...price of prion poker goes up again $</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">OR-10: Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy is transmissible in bank voles</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Romolo Nonno,1 Michele Di Bari,1 Laura Pirisinu,1 Claudia D’Agostino,1 Stefano Marcon,1 Geraldina Riccardi,1 Gabriele Vaccari,1 Piero Parchi,2 Wenquan Zou,3 Pierluigi Gambetti,3 Umberto Agrimi1 1Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Bologna; Bologna, Italy; 3Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Background. Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is a recently described “sporadic”neurodegenerative disease involving prion protein aggregation, which has clinical similarities with non-Alzheimer dementias, such as fronto-temporal dementia. Currently, 30 cases of VPSPr have been reported in Europe and USA, of which 19 cases were homozygous for valine at codon 129 of the prion protein (VV), 8 were MV and 3 were MM. A distinctive feature of VPSPr is the electrophoretic pattern of PrPSc after digestion with proteinase K (PK). After PK-treatment, PrP from VPSPr forms a ladder-like electrophoretic pattern similar to that described in GSS cases. The clinical and pathological features of VPSPr raised the question of the correct classification of VPSPr among prion diseases or other forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we report preliminary data on the transmissibility and pathological features of VPSPr cases in bank voles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Materials and Methods. Seven VPSPr cases were inoculated in two genetic lines of bank voles, carrying either methionine or isoleucine at codon 109 of the prion protein (named BvM109 and BvI109, respectively). Among the VPSPr cases selected, 2 were VV at PrP codon 129, 3 were MV and 2 were MM. Clinical diagnosis in voles was confirmed by brain pathological assessment and western blot for PK-resistant PrPSc (PrPres) with mAbs SAF32, SAF84, 12B2 and 9A2.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Results. To date, 2 VPSPr cases (1 MV and 1 MM) gave positive transmission in BvM109. Overall, 3 voles were positive with survival time between 290 and 588 d post inoculation (d.p.i.). All positive voles accumulated PrPres in the form of the typical PrP27–30, which was indistinguishable to that previously observed in BvM109 inoculated with sCJDMM1 cases.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">In BvI109, 3 VPSPr cases (2 VV and 1 MM) showed positive transmission until now. Overall, 5 voles were positive with survival time between 281 and 596 d.p.i.. In contrast to what observed in BvM109, all BvI109 showed a GSS-like PrPSc electrophoretic pattern, characterized by low molecular weight PrPres. These PrPres fragments were positive with mAb 9A2 and 12B2, while being negative with SAF32 and SAF84, suggesting that they are cleaved at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus. Second passages are in progress from these first successful transmissions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Conclusions. Preliminary results from transmission studies in bank voles strongly support the notion that VPSPr is a transmissible prion disease. Interestingly, VPSPr undergoes divergent evolution in the two genetic lines of voles, with sCJD-like features in BvM109 and GSS-like properties in BvI109.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and Nor98.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967</a></div>
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cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</div>
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***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div>
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>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div>
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***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div>
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***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. </div>
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This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. </div>
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Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> ***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Scrapie Transmits To Pigs By Oral Route, what about the terribly flawed USA tse prion feed ban?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">2017 Annual Report</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1a. Objectives (from AD-416):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein and the environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Subobjective 1.A: Investigate the differences in the unfolded state of wild-type and disease associated prion proteins to better understand the mechanism of misfolding in genetic prion disease. Subobjective 1.B: Investigate the influence of metal ions on the misfolding of the prion protein in vitro to determine if environmental exposure to metal ions may alter disease progression. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1b. Approach (from AD-416):</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">All 8 project plan milestones for FY17 were fully met. Research efforts directed toward meeting objective 1 of our project plan center around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of thermodynamic data on the folding of the recombinant prion protein produced. Both bacterial and mammalian expression systems have been established. Thermodynamic data addressing the denatured state of wild-type and a disease associated variant of bovine prion protein has been collected and a manuscript is in preparation. In research pertaining to objective 2, all studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animals studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time samples are being collected as planned and methods for analysis are under development.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">4. Accomplishments</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1. Showed that swine are potential hosts for the scrapie agent. A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested. ARS researchers at Ames, Iowa conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately 6 months post inoculation (PI): the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease. Brain samples were examined by multiple diagnostic approaches, and for a subset of pigs in each inoculation group, bioassay in mice expressing porcine prion protein. At 6 months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">3. Developed a method for amplification and discrimination of the 3 forms of BSE in cattle. The prion protein (PrP) is a protein that is the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The disease process involves conversion of the normal cellular PrP to a pathogenic misfolded conformation. This conversion process can be recreated in the lab using a misfolding amplification process known as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC allows the detection of minute amounts of the abnormal infectious form of the prion protein by inducing misfolding in a supplied substrate. Although RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect pathogenic PrP with substrates from a variety of host species, prior to this work bovine prion protein had not been proven for its practical uses for RT-QuIC. We demonstrated that prions from transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and BSE-infected cattle can be detected with using bovine prion proteins with RT-QuIC, and developed an RT-QuIC based approach to discriminate different forms of BSE. This rapid and robust method, both to detect and discriminate BSE types, is of importance as the economic implications for different types of BSE vary greatly.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Hwang, S., Greenlee, J.J., Nicholson, E.M. 2017. Use of bovine recombinant prion protein and real-time quaking-induced conversion to detect cattle transmissible mink encephalopathy prions and discriminate classical and atypical L- and H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy. PLoS One. 12(2):e0172391.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Moore, S., Kunkle, R., Greenlee, M., Nicholson, E., Richt, J., Hamir, A., Waters, W., Greenlee, J. 2016. Horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease in reindeer. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22(12):2142-2145. doi:10.3201/eid2212.160635.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Smith, J.D., Vrentas, C.E., Nicholson, E.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2016. A comparison of classical and H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism in wild type and EK211 cattle following intracranial inoculation. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 3:78.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Greenlee, J.J., Kunkle, R.A., Smith, J.D., West Greenlee, M.H. 2016. Scrapie in swine: a diagnostic challenge. Food Safety. 4(4):110-114. Kondru, N., Manne, S., Greenlee, J., West Greenlee, H., Anantharam, V., Halbur, P., Kanthasamy, A., Kanthasamy, A. 2017. Integrated organotypic slice cultures and RT-QuIC (OSCAR) assay: implications for translational discovery in protein misfolding diseases. Scientific Reports. 7:43155. doi:10.1038/srep43155.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mammadova, N., Ghaisas, S., Zenitsky, G., Sakaguchi, D.S., Kanthasamy, A.G., Greenlee, J.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2017. Lasting retinal injury in a mouse model of blast-induced trauma. American Journal of Pathology. 187(7):1459-1472. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.03.005. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div>
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FRIDAY, APRIL 20, 2018 </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Scrapie Transmits To Pigs By Oral Route, what about the terribly flawed USA tse prion feed ban? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/04/scrapie-transmits-to-pigs-by-oral-route.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/04/scrapie-transmits-to-pigs-by-oral-route.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep</span></span><br clear="none" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;" /><div id="yiv2564688046AOLMsgPart_2_3ad6b6ad-ab59-4bfe-86df-ebcd6833d1ca" style="line-height: 1.22em;">
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Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div>
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Location: Virus and Prion Research</div>
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Title: Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep)</div>
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item<span class="yiv2564688046aolmail_Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"> </span>Greenlee, Justin</div>
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item<span class="yiv2564688046aolmail_Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"> </span>Kokemuller, Robyn</div>
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item<span class="yiv2564688046aolmail_Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"> </span>Moore, Sarah</div>
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item<span class="yiv2564688046aolmail_Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"> </span>West Greenlee, N</div>
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Submitted to: Prion </div>
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Publication Type: Abstract Only </div>
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Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 </div>
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Publication Date: N/A </div>
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Citation: N/A</div>
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Interpretive Summary:</div>
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Technical Abstract: Aims: We previously demonstrated that scrapie has a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after either intracranial or oral inoculation. Samples from deer that developed scrapie had two different western blot patterns: samples derived from cerebrum had a banding pattern similar to the scrapie inoculum, but samples from brainstem had a banding pattern similar to CWD. In contrast, transmission of CWD from white-tailed deer to sheep by the intracranial route has a low attack rate and to-date oronasal exposure has been unsuccessful. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal exposure of the scrapie agent derived from white-tailed deer. </div>
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Methods: At approximately 5 months of age, Suffolk sheep of various PRNP genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with 10% brain homogenate derived from either the cerebrum or the brainstem of scrapie-affected deer. Genotypes represented in each inoculation group were VV136RR154QQ171 (n=2), AA136RR154QQ171 (n=2), and AV136RR154QR171 (n=1). After inoculation, sheep were observed daily for clinical signs. Upon development of clinical signs, sheep were killed with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium and necropsied. Tissue samples were tested for the presence of PrPSc by EIA, western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The No. 13-7 scrapie inoculum used for the deer has a mean incubation period of 20.1 months in sheep with the AA136RR154QQ171 genotype and 26.7 months in sheep with the VV136RR154QQ171 genotype. </div>
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Results: Sheep inoculated oronasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum from the cerebrum that had a scrapie-like profile. The first sheep to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post inoculation had the VV136RR154QQ171 genotype. Eventually sheep of the AA136RR154QQ171 genotype developed clinical signs, but at a mean incubation of 52 months. At 62 months post-inoculation, none of the sheep inoculated with material from the deer brainstem have developed clinical disease. </div>
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Conclusions: The No. 13-7 inoculum used in the original deer experiment readily infects white-tailed deer and sheep of various genotypes by the oronasal route. When inoculum is made from different brain regions of No 13-7 scrapie-infected deer from either cerebrum with a scrapie-like western blot pattern or brainstem with a CWD-like western blot pattern, sheep with the VV136RR154QQ171 genotype are the first to develop clinical signs. This is in contrast to the original No. 13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the AA136RR154QQ171 genotype. Similar to experiments conducted with CWD, sheep oronasally inoculated with brainstem material from deer with a CWD-like molecular profile have no evidence of disease after 62 months of incubation. While scrapie is not known to occur in free-ranging populations of white-tailed deer, experimental cases are difficult to differentiate from CWD. This work raises the potential concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as scrapie from deer seems to be transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337278</a></div>
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Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div>
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Title: Transmission of the agent of sheep scrapie to deer results in PrPSc with two distinct molecular profiles Authors</div>
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item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, Sarah - item Smith, Jodi item West Greenlee, Mary - item Kunkle, Robert</div>
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Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: March 31, 2015 Publication Date: May 25, 2015 Citation: Greenlee, J., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.., West Greenlee, M.H., Kunkle, R. 2015.</div>
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Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease and distinct from the scrapie inoculum. </div>
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Prion 2015. p. S62. </div>
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Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes reveal PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. </div>
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In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile type readily passes to deer.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=314097</a></div>
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</div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</div>
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Title: Scrapie transmits to white-tailed deer by the oral route and has a molecular profile similar to chronic wasting disease Authors</div>
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</div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">
item Greenlee, Justin item Moore, S - item Smith, Jodi - item Kunkle, Robert item West Greenlee, M -</div>
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Submitted to: American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: August 12, 2015 Publication Date: N/A</div>
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Technical Abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer (WTD) to the agent of sheep scrapie and to compare the resultant PrPSc to that of the original inoculum and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We inoculated WTD by a natural route of exposure (concurrent oral and intranasal (IN); n=5) with a US scrapie isolate. All scrapie-inoculated deer had evidence of PrPSc accumulation. PrPSc was detected in lymphoid tissues at preclinical time points, and deer necropsied after 28 months post-inoculation had clinical signs, spongiform encephalopathy, and widespread distribution of PrPSc in neural and lymphoid tissues. Western blotting (WB) revealed PrPSc with 2 distinct molecular profiles. WB on cerebral cortex had a profile similar to the original scrapie inoculum, whereas WB of brainstem, cerebellum, or lymph nodes revealed PrPSc with a higher profile resembling CWD. Homogenates with the 2 distinct profiles from WTD with clinical scrapie were further passaged to mice expressing cervid prion protein and intranasally to sheep and WTD. In cervidized mice, the two inocula have distinct incubation times. Sheep inoculated intranasally with WTD derived scrapie developed disease, but only after inoculation with the inoculum that had a scrapie-like profile. The WTD study is ongoing, but deer in both inoculation groups are positive for PrPSc by rectal mucosal biopsy. </div>
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<div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">
In summary, this work demonstrates that WTD are susceptible to the agent of scrapie, two distinct molecular profiles of PrPSc are present in the tissues of affected deer, and inoculum of either profile readily passes to deer.</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=317901</a></div>
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*** Spraker suggested an interesting explanation for the occurrence of CWD. The deer pens at the Foot Hills Campus were built some 30-40 years ago by a Dr. Bob Davis. At or abut that time, allegedly, some scrapie work was conducted at this site. When deer were introduced to the pens they occupied ground that had previously been occupied by sheep.</div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div>
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White-tailed Deer are Susceptible to Scrapie by Natural Route of Infection</div>
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Jodi D. Smith, Justin J. Greenlee, and Robert A. Kunkle; Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS</div>
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Interspecies transmission studies afford the opportunity to better understand the potential host range and origins of prion diseases. Previous experiments demonstrated that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep-derived scrapie by intracranial inoculation. The purpose of this study was to determine susceptibility of white-tailed deer to scrapie after a natural route of exposure. Deer (n=5) were inoculated by concurrent oral (30 ml) and intranasal (1 ml) instillation of a 10% (wt/vol) brain homogenate derived from a sheep clinically affected with scrapie. Non-inoculated deer were maintained as negative controls. All deer were observed daily for clinical signs. Deer were euthanized and necropsied when neurologic disease was evident, and tissues were examined for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB). One animal was euthanized 15 months post-inoculation (MPI) due to an injury. At that time, examination of obex and lymphoid tissues by IHC was positive, but WB of obex and colliculus were negative. Remaining deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 MPI. Tissues from these deer were positive for scrapie by IHC and WB. Tissues with PrPSc immunoreactivity included brain, tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, hemal node, Peyer’s patches, and spleen. This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by potential natural routes of inoculation. In-depth analysis of tissues will be done to determine similarities between scrapie in deer after intracranial and oral/intranasal inoculation and chronic wasting disease resulting from similar routes of inoculation.</div>
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see full text ;</div>
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<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2010/report-cwal-2010.pdf</a></div>
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PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer</div>
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Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA</div>
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></div>
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White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation</div>
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It is unlikely that CWD will be eradicated from free-ranging cervids, and the disease is likely to continue to spread geographically [10]. However, the potential that white-tailed deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie by a natural route presents an additional confounding factor to halting the spread of CWD. This leads to the additional speculations that</div>
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1) infected deer could serve as a reservoir to infect sheep with scrapie offering challenges to scrapie eradication efforts and</div>
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2) CWD spread need not remain geographically confined to current endemic areas, but could occur anywhere that sheep with scrapie and susceptible cervids cohabitate.</div>
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This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation with a high attack rate and that the disease that results has similarities to CWD. These experiments will be repeated with a more natural route of inoculation to determine the likelihood of the potential transmission of sheep scrapie to white-tailed deer. If scrapie were to occur in white-tailed deer, results of this study indicate that it would be detected as a TSE, but may be difficult to differentiate from CWD without in-depth biochemical analysis.</div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed</a></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html</a></div>
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2012</div>
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PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer</div>
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</div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">
Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA</div>
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snip...</div>
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The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like.</div>
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*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.</div>
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Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.</div>
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<div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></div>
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2011</div>
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*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie.</div>
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<a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/04/scrapie-transmits-to-pigs-by-oral-route.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/04/scrapie-transmits-to-pigs-by-oral-route.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Monday, August 6, 2012 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">TAFS BSE in USA August 6, 2012 BSE in USA </span></div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/08/tafs-bse-in-usa-august-6-2012.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/08/tafs-bse-in-usa-august-6-2012.html </a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Saturday, May 2, 2009 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">APHIS AND WHO PLAN TO EXEMPT THE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE NOR-98 FROM REGULATIONS AT MEETING THIS MONTH </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/05/aphis-and-who-plan-to-exempt-atypical.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/05/aphis-and-who-plan-to-exempt-atypical.html</a> </span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12px;">Monday, November 30, 2009 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">USDA AND OIE COLLABORATE TO EXCLUDE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE NOR-98 ANIMAL HEALTH CODE </span></div>
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/11/usda-and-oie-collaborate-to-exclude.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/11/usda-and-oie-collaborate-to-exclude.html</a> </span></div>
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12px;">Thursday, December 20, 2012 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">OIE GROUP RECOMMENDS THAT SCRAPE PRION DISEASE BE DELISTED AND SAME OLD BSe WITH BOVINE MAD COW DISEASE </span></div>
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<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/12/oie-group-recommends-that-scrape-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/12/oie-group-recommends-that-scrape-prion.html</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12px;">Tuesday, July 2, 2013 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">APHIS USDA Administrator Message to Stakeholders: Agency Vision and Goals Eliminating ALL remaining BSE barriers to export market </span></div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/07/aphis-usda-administrator-message-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/07/aphis-usda-administrator-message-to.html</a></div>
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The EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards recently published its conclusions on the scrapie situation in the EU after 10 years of monitoring and control of the disease in sheep and goats (EFSA 2014), and one of the most interesting findings was the Icelandic experience regarding the effect of disinfection in scrapie control. The Icelandic plan consisted of: culling scrapie-affected sheep or the whole flock in newly diagnosed outbreaks; deep cleaning and disinfection of stables, sheds, barns and equipment with high pressure washing followed by cleaning with 500 parts per million of hypochlorite; drying and treatment with 300 ppm of iodophor; and restocking was not permitted for at least two years. Even when all of these measures were implemented, scrapie recurred on several farms, indicating that the infectious agent survived for years in the environment, even as many as 16 years after restocking (Georgsson and others 2006).</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/scrapie-particularly-persistent-pathogen.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/scrapie-particularly-persistent-pathogen.html</a></div>
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Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 years</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Gudmundur Georgsson,1 Sigurdur Sigurdarson2 and Paul Brown3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Correspondence</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Gudmundur Georgsson <a href="mailto:ggeorgs@hi.is" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:ggeorgs@hi.is">ggeorgs@hi.is</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">1 Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v/vesturlandsveg, IS-112 Reykjavı´k, Iceland</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">2 Laboratory of the Chief Veterinary Officer, Keldur, Iceland</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">Received 7 March 2006 Accepted 6 August 2006</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">In 1978, a rigorous programme was implemented to stop the spread of, and subsequently eradicate, sheep scrapie in Iceland. Affected flocks were culled, premises were disinfected and, after 2–3 years, restocked with lambs from scrapie-free areas. Between 1978 and 2004, scrapie recurred on 33 farms. Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded. Of special interest was one farm with a small, completely self-contained flock where scrapie recurred 18 years after culling, 2 years after some lambs had been housed in an old sheephouse that had never been disinfected. Epidemiological investigation established with near certitude that the disease had not been introduced from the outside and it is concluded that the agent may have persisted in the old sheep-house for at least 16 years.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/87/12/3737.pdf?expires=1540908280&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED0572E1E5B272C100A32212A3E3761A</a></div>
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21 YEARS!</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***>>>Nine of these recurrences occurred 14–21 years after culling, apparently as the result of environmental contamination, but outside entry could not always be absolutely excluded...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">National Scrapie Eradication Program September 2018 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2018 October 15, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/11/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/11/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">OIE Final Report Iceland Scrapie TSE Prion 02/11/2018 Start of Event 12/09/2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/11/oie-final-report-iceland-scrapie-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/11/oie-final-report-iceland-scrapie-tse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Scrapie (Rida) Iceland Information received on 28/01/2019 from Dr Sigurborg Daðadóttir, Chief Veterinary Officer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/01/scrapie-rida-iceland-information.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/01/scrapie-rida-iceland-information.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> </span></span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA APHIS CDC FDA BSE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA APHIS CDC FDA BSE TSE PRION UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-fda-bse-tse-prion-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-fda-bse-tse-prion-update.html</a></span></div>
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THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 2019 </div>
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USDA APHIS CDC Cervids: Chronic Wasting Disease Specifics Updated 2019</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-cervids-chronic-wasting.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-cervids-chronic-wasting.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">FRIDAY, MARCH 15, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Saskatchewan Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion 349 Cases Positive for 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/saskatchewan-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/saskatchewan-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">FRIDAY, MARCH 15, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">USDA APHIS SCRAPIE TSE PRION Sheep and Goat Health Update 2019</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-scrapie-tse-prion-sheep-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-scrapie-tse-prion-sheep-and.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">FRIDAY, MAY 10, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Wisconsin Portage County Deer Farm Depopulated due to CWD TSE Prion 6 Cases Confirmed</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/wisconsin-portage-county-deer-farm.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/wisconsin-portage-county-deer-farm.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CWD TSE PRION STRAINS ??? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Caribou concerns Alberta’s threatened woodland caribou could also be at risk, said University of Alberta researcher Debbie McKenzie, who is among a group of scientists funded by the Alberta Prion Research Institute. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“That’s one thing that we’re very concerned about,” she said, adding at least four CWD strains have been confirmed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/province-negligent-in-containing-cervid-disease-says-mla?fbclid=IwAR1MjfGG7RwPgrVsBpqonBXO6oh0y9LgqbE0zMBSfwlTBAgugQ8rH4adDVQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://edmontonjournal.com/news/politics/province-negligent-in-containing-cervid-disease-says-mla?fbclid=IwAR1MjfGG7RwPgrVsBpqonBXO6oh0y9LgqbE0zMBSfwlTBAgugQ8rH4adDVQ</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">snip... </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CWD TSE PRION STRAINS ??? </span></div>
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how about that new Texas CWD TSE Prion strain???</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">“Wow,” he said. “Unlike anything we've seen before.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The prions from the Texas deer were a lot harder to destroy than the ones from the Colorado elk. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In fact, the guanidine barely damaged them at all. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">“We’ve never seen that before in any prion strain, which means that it has a completely different structure than we've ever seen before,” says Zabel. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">And that suggests that it might be a very different kind of chronic wasting disease. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The researchers ran the same test on another Texas deer, with the same results.</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">SUNDAY, APRIL 14, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion Strains everything in Texas is bigger, better, and badder</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/chronic-wasting-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/chronic-wasting-disease-tse-prion.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial;">Human and mouse prion proteins share a structural motif that regulates resistance to common chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion strains. Successful transmission of an emergent strain of CWD prion, H95+, into mice resulted in infection. Thus, emergent CWD prion strains may have higher zoonotic potential than common strains.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/9/16-1474_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/9/16-1474_article</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ADAPTATION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD) INTO HAMSTERS, EVIDENCE OF A WISCONSIN STRAIN OF CWD </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chad Johnson1, Judd Aiken2,3,4 and Debbie McKenzie4,5 1 Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA 53706 2 Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, 3 Alberta Veterinary Research Institute, <a href="http://4.center/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">4.Center</a> for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, 5 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2P5 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The identification and characterization of prion strains is increasingly important for the diagnosis and biological definition of these infectious pathogens. Although well-established in scrapie and, more recently, in BSE, comparatively little is known about the possibility of prion strains in chronic wasting disease (CWD), a disease affecting free ranging and captive cervids, primarily in North America. We have identified prion protein variants in the white-tailed deer population and demonstrated that Prnp genotype affects the susceptibility/disease progression of white-tailed deer to CWD agent. The existence of cervid prion protein variants raises the likelihood of distinct CWD strains. Small rodent models are a useful means of identifying prion strains. We intracerebrally inoculated hamsters with brain homogenates and phosphotungstate concentrated preparations from CWD positive hunter-harvested (Wisconsin CWD endemic area) and experimentally infected deer of known Prnp genotypes. These transmission studies resulted in clinical presentation in primary passage of concentrated CWD prions. Subclinical infection was established with the other primary passages based on the detection of PrPCWD in the brains of hamsters and the successful disease transmission upon second passage. Second and third passage data, when compared to transmission studies using different CWD inocula (Raymond et al., 2007) indicate that the CWD agent present in the Wisconsin white-tailed deer population is different than the strain(s) present in elk, mule-deer and white-tailed deer from the western United States endemic region. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.istitutoveneto.it/prion_09/Abstracts_09.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.istitutoveneto.it/prion_09/Abstracts_09.pdf</a></span></div>
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MONDAY, APRIL 29, 2019 </div>
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Texas TAHC CWD TSE Prion Axis deer are not classified as a susceptible species, and their wishful thinking TSE Prion surveillance system </div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/texas-tahc-cwd-tse-prion-axis-deer-are.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/texas-tahc-cwd-tse-prion-axis-deer-are.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">TUESDAY, MARCH 05, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">TAHC CWD TSE PRION AT 144 POSITIVE MINUTES OF THE 401st COMMISSION MEETING Texas Animal Health Commission August 7, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/tahc-cwd-tse-prion-at-144-positive.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/tahc-cwd-tse-prion-at-144-positive.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">TEXAS CWD TSE PRION CASES RISE TO 144 CASES WITH 1 WILD, 1 BREEDER, AND 1 BREEDER RELEASE </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/texas-cwd-tse-prion-cases-rise-to-144.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/texas-cwd-tse-prion-cases-rise-to-144.html</a></div>
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how is Wisconsin and Texas doing after the Texas Deer Czar, aka Dr. Dough, went up to Wisconsin to fix the cwd tse prion problem, hows that working out???</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion Explodes To 1,048 Positive 2018-2019 With Total 5,234 Confirmed To Date</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-explodes-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/wisconsin-cwd-tse-prion-explodes-to.html</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 13, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Wisconsin caves to cervid game farm industry and lets fencing requirements expire, which will allow CWD to spread even further</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/wisconsin-caves-to-cervid-game-farm.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/wisconsin-caves-to-cervid-game-farm.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 06, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Wisconsin Continues to Ignore CWD TSE Prion, as the disease continues to mount, the Governor flounders, more wild deer positive </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/wisconsin-continues-to-ignore-cwd-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/wisconsin-continues-to-ignore-cwd-tse.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Colorado Chronic Wasting Disease Response Plan December 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">I. Executive Summary Mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk and moose are highly valued species in North America. Some of Colorado’s herds of these species are increasingly becoming infected with chronic wasting disease (CWD). As of July 2018, at least 31 of Colorado's 54 deer herds (57%), 16 of 43 elk herds (37%), and 2 of 9 moose herds (22%) are known to be infected with CWD. Four of Colorado's 5 largest deer herds and 2 of the state’s 5 largest elk herds are infected. Deer herds tend to be more heavily infected than elk and moose herds living in the same geographic area. Not only are the number of infected herds increasing, the past 15 years of disease trends generally show an increase in the proportion of infected animals within herds as well. Of most concern, greater than a 10-fold increase in CWD prevalence has been estimated in some mule deer herds since the early 2000s; CWD is now adversely affecting the performance of these herds. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH MESSAGE </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Disease in humans resulting from CWD exposure has not been reported to date. However, public health officials cannot determine there is no risk from eating meat from infected animals. Consequently, officials recommend that people avoid exposure to CWD-infected animals. Please see the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment website ( <a href="http://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/priondiseases" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/priondiseases</a> ) for the most current recommendations on carcass testing and other preventive measures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">To minimize exposure to CWD and other diseases of potential concern, Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) and state public health officials advise hunters not to shoot, handle or consume any deer, elk or moose that is acting abnormally or appears to be sick. When fielddressing game, wear rubber gloves and minimize the use of a bone saw to cut through the brain or spinal cord (backbone). Minimize contact with brain or spinal cord tissues, eyes, spleen or lymph nodes. Always wash hands and utensils thoroughly after dressing and processing game meat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">(the map on page 71, cwd marked in red, is shocking...tss)</span></div>
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<a href="https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/RulesRegs/Brochure/BigGame/biggame.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/RulesRegs/Brochure/BigGame/biggame.pdf</a></div>
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snip...see full report and more updated science on cwd tse prion here;</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">TUESDAY, MARCH 12, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Colorado Parks and Wildlife is addressing Chronic Wasting Disease with its CWD Response Plan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/colorado-parks-and-wildlife-is.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/colorado-parks-and-wildlife-is.html</a></span></span></div>
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THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 2019 </div>
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USDA APHIS CDC Cervids: Chronic Wasting Disease Specifics Updated 2019</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-cervids-chronic-wasting.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-cervids-chronic-wasting.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">MONDAY, APRIL 29, 2019 Canada </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;">CFIA Notice to Industry Updates to the federal management of chronic wasting disease in farmed March 15th, 2019 </span></div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/canada-cfia-notice-to-industry-updates.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/canada-cfia-notice-to-industry-updates.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 03, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Estimating the amount of Chronic Wasting Disease infectivity passing through abattoirs and field slaughter</span></div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-amount-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-amount-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv2564688046externalLink" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv2564688046externalLink" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" />snip...full text;<div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2019 </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"></span><div>
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Experts: Yes, chronic wasting disease in deer is a public health issue — for people</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/experts-yes-chronic-wasting-disease-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/experts-yes-chronic-wasting-disease-in.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></div>
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BSE INQUIRY EVIDENCE</div>
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Why did the appearance of new TSEs in animals matter so much? It has always been known that TSEs will transfer across species boundaries. The reason for this was never known until the genetic nature of the prion gene was fully investigated and found to be involved. The gene is found to have well preserved sites and as such there is a similar gene throughout the animal kingdom...and indeed a similar gene is found in insects! It is NOT clear that the precise close nature of the<span class="yiv2564688046text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"> PrP gene structure is essention for low species barriers. Indeed it is probably easier to infect cats with BSE than it is to infect sheep. As such it is not clear that simply because it is possible to infect BSE from cattle into certain monkeys then other apes will necessarily be infectable with the disease. One factor has stood out, however, and that is that BSE, when inoculated into mice would retain its apparent nature of disease strain, and hence when it was inoculated back into cattle, then the same disease was produced. Similarly if the TSE from kudu was inoculated into mice then a similar distribution of disease in the brain of the mouse is seen as if BSE had been inoculated into the mouse. This phenomenon was not true with scrapie, in which the transmission across a species barrier was known to lose many of the scrapie strain phenomena in terms of incubation period or disease histopathology. This also suggested that BSE was not derived from scrapie originally but we probably will never know.</span></div>
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TSE in wild UK deer? The first case of BSE (as we now realise) was in a nyala in London zoo and the further zoo cases in ungulates were simply thought of as being interesting transmissions of scrapie initially. The big problem started to appear with animals in 1993-5 when it became clear that there was an increase in the CJD cases in people that had eaten deer although the statistics involved must have been questionable. The reason for this was that the CJD Surveillance was well funded to look into the diet of people dying of CJD. This effect is not clear with vCJD...if only because the numbers involved are much smaller and hence it is difficult to gain enough statistics. They found that many other foods did not appear to have much association at all but that deer certainly did and as years went by the association actually became clearer. The appearance of vCJD in 1996 made all this much more difficult in that it was suddenly clearer that the cases of sporadic CJD that they had been checking up until then probably had nothing to do with beef...and the study decreased. During the period there was an increasing worry that deer were involved with CJD..</div>
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see references:</div>
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DEER BRAIN SURVEY</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506025229/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/11/20004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506025229/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/11/20004001.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/1557515941145821/permalink/2299600233604051/?hc_location=ufi" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.facebook.com/groups/1557515941145821/permalink/2299600233604051/?hc_location=ufi</a></div>
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i have not updated my blogspot url with all this data archived, but i will work on it...but until then, i have updated this on the above links with live urls to the actual BSE Inquiry documents...</div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">From: Steve Dealler </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">To: BSE-L@ References: <3daf5023 .4080804=""<a class="yiv2564688046linkified" href="http://wt.net/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">WT.NET</a>""></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Dear Terry,</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desparately difficult to get back from Government sites.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Steve Dealler =============== </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist</span><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"> <a class="yiv2564688046linkified" href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </span></span></div>
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BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div>
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Management In Confidence</div>
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BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/08003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043910/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/08003001.pdf</a></div>
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reports of sheep and calf carcasses dumped...</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505232801/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/07002001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505232801/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/07002001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">re-scrapie to cattle GAH Wells BSE Inquiry</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043931/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/09001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043931/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/09001001.pdf</a><br /><div>
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Dr. Dealler goes rogue to confirm BSE</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043930/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/14003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043930/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/14003001.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043930/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/14003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043930/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/14003001.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505231533/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/17003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505231533/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/17003001.pdf</a></div>
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Confirmation BSE Dealler's mad cow</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505231342/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/16006001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505231342/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/16006001.pdf</a></div>
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BSE vertical transmission</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043834/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/13003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506043834/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/13003001.pdf</a></div>
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1993 cjd report finds relationship with eat venison and cjd increases 9 fold, let the cover up begin...tss</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a></div>
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FINDINGS</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). ***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). ***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). ***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02)..</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">snip...see full report ; </span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126073306/http://collections..europarchive..org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/2</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126073306/http://collections..europarchive..org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">0170126073306/http://collections..europarchive..org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div>
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GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE INQUIRY</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CJD9/10022</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">October 1994</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The statistical results reqarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</span></div>
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<a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/02/bse-infectivity-survives-burial-for.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/02/bse-infectivity-survives-burial-for.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA APHIS CDC FDA BSE TSE PRION UPDATE 2019</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-fda-bse-tse-prion-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-fda-bse-tse-prion-update.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Estimation of prion infectivity in tissues of cattle infected with atypical BSE by real time-quaking induced conversion assay</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div>
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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 17, 2019 </div>
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Estimating the impact on food and edible materials of changing scrapie control measures: The scrapie control model</div>
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<a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-impact-on-food-and-edible.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-impact-on-food-and-edible.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: x-small;">USDA ARS 2018 USAHA RESOLUTIONS TWO PRONGED APPROACH NEEDED FOR ADVANCING CATTLE TRACEABILITY</span></div>
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<a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-ars-2018-usaha-resolutions-two.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-ars-2018-usaha-resolutions-two.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 2019 </div>
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Joint Statement from President Donald J. Trump USA and President Jair Bolsonaro Brazil FOREIGN POLICY BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow disease</div>
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<a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2019/03/joint-statement-from-president-donald-j.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2019/03/joint-statement-from-president-donald-j.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Friday, December 14, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div>
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<a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 24, Number 6—June 2018 Research </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria</span></div>
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Prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). After the BSE epidemic, and the associated human infections, began in 1996 in the United Kingdom, general concerns have been raised about animal prions. We detected a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. Symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. We confirmed diagnosis by detecting pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues from 3 symptomatic animals. Prion detection in lymphoid tissues is suggestive of the infectious nature of the disease. PrPSc biochemical characterization showed differences with BSE and scrapie. Our identification of this prion disease in a geographically widespread livestock species requires urgent enforcement of surveillance and assessment of the potential risks to human and animal health.</div>
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The possibility that dromedaries acquired the disease from eating prion-contaminated waste needs to be considered.</div>
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Tracing the origin of prion diseases is challenging. In the case of CPD, the traditional extensive and nomadic herding practices of dromedaries represent a formidable factor for accelerating the spread of the disease at long distances, making the path of its diffusion difficult to determine. Finally, the major import flows of live animals to Algeria from Niger, Mali, and Mauritania (<a class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r27" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="27"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">27</em></a>) should be investigated to trace the possible origin of CPD from other countries.</div>
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Camels are a vital animal species for millions of persons globally. The world camel population has a yearly growth rate of 2.1% (<a class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>). In 2014, the population was estimated at ≈28 million animals, but this number is probably underestimated.. Approximately 88% of camels are found in Africa, especially eastern Africa, and 12% are found in Asia. Official data reported 350,000 dromedaries in Algeria in 2014 (<a class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc..cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>).</div>
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On the basis of phenotypic traits and sociogeographic criteria, several dromedary populations have been suggested to exist in Algeria (<a class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r29" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="29"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">29</em></a>). However, recent genetic studies in Algeria and Egypt point to a weak differentiation of the dromedary population as a consequence of historical use as a cross-continental beast of burden along trans-Saharan caravan routes, coupled with traditional extensive/nomadic herding practices (<a class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r30" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="30"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">30</em></a>).</div>
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Such genetic homogeneity also might be reflected in <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em>. Studies on <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em> variability in camels are therefore warranted to explore the existence of genotypes resistant to CPD, which could represent an important tool for CPD management as it was for breeding programs for scrapie eradication in sheep.</div>
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In the past 10 years, the camel farming system has changed rapidly, with increasing setup of periurban dairy farms and dairy plants and diversification of camel products and market penetration (<a class="yiv2564688046aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r13" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="13"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">13</em></a>). This evolution requires improved health standards for infectious diseases and, in light of CPD, for prion diseases.</div>
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The emergence of another prion disease in an animal species of crucial importance for millions of persons worldwide makes it necessary to assess the risk for humans and develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals and minimize human exposure. The implementation of a surveillance system for prion diseases would be a first step to enable disease control and minimize human and animal exposure. Finally, the diagnostic capacity of prion diseases needs to be improved in all countries in Africa where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> IMPORTS AND EXPORTS <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***SEE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BANNED ANIMAL PROTEIN AKA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA DECADES AFTER POST BAN ***</span></div>
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<a href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
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***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div>
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***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div>
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<a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, APRIL 30, 2019 </div>
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Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2018 Annual Report</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/05/first-case-of-atypical-scrapie-in-goat.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/05/first-case-of-atypical-scrapie-in-goat.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">FRIDAY, MAY 24, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Assessing chronic wasting disease strain differences in free-ranging cervids across the United States</span></div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/assessing-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/05/assessing-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div>
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Thursday, May 23, 2019 </div>
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Prion 2019 Emerging Concepts CWD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CJD, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Schedule and Abstracts</div>
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<a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div>
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<a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Estimation of prion infectivity in tissues of cattle infected with atypical BSE by real time-quaking induced conversion assay</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html</a></span></span></div>
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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 17, 2019 </div>
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Estimating the impact on food and edible materials of changing scrapie control measures: The scrapie control model</div>
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<a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-impact-on-food-and-edible.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-impact-on-food-and-edible.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA ARS 2018 USAHA RESOLUTIONS TWO PRONGED APPROACH NEEDED FOR ADVANCING CATTLE TRACEABILITY</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-ars-2018-usaha-resolutions-two.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-ars-2018-usaha-resolutions-two.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA APHIS CDC FDA BSE TSE PRION UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019 </div>
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MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE infectivity survives burial for five years with only limited spread</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE AND THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS OF BSe Science $$$</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-and-peer.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-and-peer.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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Bacliff, Texas USA 77518</div>
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<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder9@verizon.net</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-79546974902993883872019-01-23T11:19:00.001-06:002019-01-23T11:19:52.540-06:00CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019<h1 id="wb-cont" property="name" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 34px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 38px 0px 11.5px;">
Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM)</h1>
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Although the <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/reg/jredirect2.shtml?sfcrrsac" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Safe Food for Canadians Regulations</a> (SFCR) came into force on January 15, 2019, certain requirements are being phased in over the following 12 to 30 months. For more information, refer to the <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/timelines/eng/1528199762125/1528199763186" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">SFCR timelines</a>.</div>
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<h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 11.5px; margin-top: 38px;">
On this page</h2>
<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 11.5px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#def" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Definitions</a></li>
</ul>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Part <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="1">I</abbr>: Removal of Specified Risk Materials</span></div>
<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 11.5px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">1.0 Introduction</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.1 Regulatory basis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">1.2 Preventive Control Plans</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">2.0 Cattle identification, age determination, marking and segregation of carcasses upon arrival and during slaughter/dressing, chilling, cutting and boning procedures</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.1 Age determination, identification and marking of carcasses<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Determining age by birth date documentation</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Determining age by dentition examination when no birth date documentation is provided</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Identification and marking of carcasses</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">2.2 Control and segregation of carcasses during dressing, chilling, cutting and boning procedures<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Slaughter establishments</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cutting/deboning establishments</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">3.0 Stunning, dressing, cutting/boning and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.1 Dedicated <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> tools</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.2 Stunning</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.3 Head separation and removal of skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes and tonsils</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.4 Palatine tonsils</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.5 Tongue and cheek meat</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.6 Removal of the distal ileum</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.7 Carcass splitting</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.8 Removal of the spinal cord and its verification</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.9 Removal of the dorsal root ganglia<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Slaughter/shipping establishments</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Receiving establishments</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">3.10 Verification by the licence holder of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal and rework</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">4.0 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> handling and disposition</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.1 Handling of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> within the establishment</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.2 Floor waste</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.3 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">4.4 Cleaning of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">5.0 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> controls</a></li>
</ul>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Part <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="2">II</abbr>: Enhanced feed ban controls and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> management</span></div>
<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 11.5px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">6.0 Introduction</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">6.1 objectives</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">6.2 Control programs</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">7.0 Collection, segregation and staining of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr></a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">7.1 Specified Risk Materials (SRM)<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removed from cattle carcasses</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Animals condemned at ante mortem, post mortem, deadstock and bovine fetuses</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Floor waste</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Wastewater materials</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">7.2 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">7.3 Segregation and staining of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">8.0 Shipping of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from the establishment</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">8.1 Shipping of SRM from the inedible area of the establishment</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">8.2 Shipping of over 30 months (OTM) bovine carcasses containing dorsal root ganglion (DRG)<ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Slaughter/shipping establishments</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcass transporters</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Receiving establishments</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">8.3 On-site disposal</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">9.0 Record keeping</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> records required by the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Health of Animals Regulations</i></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">10.0 Compliance and verification</a><ul class="list-unstyled mrgn-lft-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Licence holders responsibilities</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-a/eng/1369853226194/1369853310363" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Appendix A: Cattle dentition</a></li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-b/eng/1369853758279/1369853844080" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Appendix B: Cattle vertebral column</a></li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-c/eng/1369854315896/1369854377891" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Appendix C: Cattle gastrointestinal tract</a></li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-d/eng/1369854925253/1369854974872" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Appendix D: Identifying marks: carcass of cattle aged 30 months or older</a></li>
</ul>
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Definitions</h2>
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For the purposes of this guidance the following definitions apply:</div>
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<dt style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 3px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Cattle</span></dt>
<dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px;">means animals of the species <span lang="la" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bos taurus</span> or <span lang="la" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bos indicus</span> and any animal that is the result of a cross with a <span lang="la" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bos taurus</span>or <span lang="la" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bos indicus</span> animal.; but does not include other ruminants such as bison, muskox, yak or water buffalo. All cattle crosses, therefore, will be subject to SRM guidelines and BSE policy. Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) inspection personnel will perform categorization of crosses by phenotypic (observable physical characteristics) examination. To challenge the inspector's phenotypic categorization for any possible disagreement, industry must provide documented proof of purebred status (e.g. yak or bison registration).</dd>
<dt class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Specified Risk Materials (SRM)</span></dt>
<dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px;">means the skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, palatine tonsils, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of cattle aged 30 months or older, as well as the distal ileum of cattle of all ages.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Note:</span> The brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, palatine tonsils, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and distal ileum are designated as SRM because, in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) infected cattle, these tissues contain the BSE agent and may transmit the disease. The OTM skull, excluding the mandible and horns, is designated as SRM as well because of the high probability of it becoming contaminated at the time of stunning and during manipulation of the other tissues if their separate removal was permitted.</dd>
<dt class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr></span></dt>
<dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px;">means cattle that are under 30 months of age.</dd>
<dt class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr></span></dt>
<dd style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px;">means cattle that are 30 months of age or older.</dd></dl>
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Part <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="1">I</abbr>: Removal of Specified Risk Materials (SRM)</h2>
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1.0 Introduction</h3>
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These controls came into effect on July 24, 2003 and enhanced on July 12, 2007. The 2007 enhancements were introduced to mainly protect health of animals, whereas the 2003 SRM control requirements were introduced strictly to protect public health.</div>
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Part I of this document provides guidance on removal of SRM from cattle slaughtered in Canada in order to prevent tissues that may contain BSE infectivity from entering the human food chain. It is also a guidance to ensure that SRM does not enter the animal feed chain. The enhanced feed ban controls described in Part II of this guidance require the removal and effective segregation of all SRM tissues from raw material destined for the production of animal feed, pet food and fertilizers.</div>
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The information in this document pertains to requirements under Part I.1 of the Health of Animals Regulations, describing minimum standards beef slaughter and cutting/boning licence holders must meet to ensure that specified risk material neither enters human food nor the animal feed chain. These Health of Animal requirements will also meet the outcome of section 125 (1) (e) of the SFCR, meaning that the edible product does not contain any specified risk material (SRM). These practices have been historically considered as acceptable by international trading partners and fundamentally allow Canada to demonstrate its BSE surveillance and SRM controls.</div>
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Therefore, a license holder wishing to use alternate procedures to those described within must have them evaluated and approved by CFIA prior to their implementation.</div>
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1.1 Regulatory basis</h4>
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Pursuant to Safe Food for Canadian Regulations (SFCR), specified risk material has the same meaning as in section 6.1 of the Health of Animals Regulations. (matériel à risque spécifié).</div>
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Under SFCR section 125 (1) (e), a licence holder may identify a meat product as edible only if the meat product is edible and is not contaminated, including that it does not contain any specified risk material.</div>
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Under SFCR section 155 (3), the licence holder must keep a meat product that is a specified risk material, contains a specified risk material or is derived from a specified risk material in a separate area of the inedible products area and must handle and destroy it in accordance with Part I.1 of the Health of Animals Regulations.</div>
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In addition, the licence holder must meet all the applicable provisions of the <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/reg/jredirect2.shtml?heasanr" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Health of Animals Regulations</a> and <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/reg/jredirect2.shtml?drgr" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Food and Drug Regulations</a>.</div>
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The guidance is designed to meet the following objectives:</div>
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<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">to ensure removal of all specified risk materials (SRM); and</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">to prevent cross contamination of edible meat products by <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> during slaughter and cutting/boning operations</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">to ensure removal of all SRM from the animal feed chain</li>
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1.2 Preventive Control Plans</h4>
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SRM is a food safety hazard and must be addressed in licence holders <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/eng/1430250286859/1430250287405#a19" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Preventive Control Plan (PCP)</a> under the SFCR. When implementing PCP, licence holders are required to clearly identify <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/eng/1430250286859/1430250287405#a5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Critical Control Points (CCPs)</a> for animal aging (either by dentition examination or birth date documentation) and SRM removal. The licence holder is responsible for the development, implementation, and maintenance of control programs that address all components of this SRM removal guidance. <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/eng/1430250286859/1430250287405#a66" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">These control programs</a> are to be submitted to the CFIA for examination prior to their implementation and their implementation must demonstrate ongoing and effective control, including but not limited to, control over animal identification and aging, OTM carcass identification and marking, SRM removal and OTM carcass segregation. This is to make sure CFIA approved methods of preventing SRM cross contamination of product destined for the production of animal feed, pet food and fertilizer are consistent with the Health of Animal regulation components.</div>
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2.0 Cattle identification, age determination, marking and segregation of carcasses upon arrival and during slaughter/dressing, chilling, cutting and boning procedures</h3>
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Licence holders slaughtering or cutting/deboning <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr> and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle must develop and implement procedures for identifying and separating these two types of cattle from their arrival at the establishment throughout the slaughter process, and during chilling, and/or cutting/deboning operations.</div>
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At the slaughter establishment the identity of the cattle carcass and all its parts must be maintained until their final disposition is known. To achieve this, the Canadian Cattle Identification Agency (CCIA) and <span lang="fr" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Agri-Traçabilité Québec</span>(ATQ) ear tag will be attached, after its insertion into a plastic bag, to the fore shank of the carcass following hide removal.</div>
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2.1 Age determination, identification and marking of carcasses</h4>
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Licence holders will reassess their Preventive Control Plan (PCP) and to develop a <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/eng/1430250286859/1430250287405#a5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Critical Control Point (CCP)</a> for age determination procedures (for example: by date of birth documentation review and/or dentition examination).</div>
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The age of cattle can be established by using reliable documentation that indicates the birth date of the animal or by examining the teeth. The birth date document, rather than dentition, provides the best means for determining the age of cattle. When documentation is available it should be used as the primary means of determining the age of animals.</div>
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Licence holders must maintain records of the age and identity of slaughtered cattle. The records are to include:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">information regarding the procedures used to determine the age of animals</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">if age is determined by documentation, the document is to be maintained with the records for a period of two years from the date of slaughter</li>
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Determining age by birth date documentation</h5>
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Submission of accurate birth date information by producers is strongly supported by the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr>. Birth date information in the Canadian Cattle Identification Agency (CCIA) database, or the <span lang="fr" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Agri-Traçabilité Québec</span> (ATQ) database in the case of Quebec, is a CFIA recognized to dentition for domestic meat inspection purposes, and live animal or meat exports. The availability of acceptable birth date information on a timely basis will mean that dentition assessment should not be necessary.</div>
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The <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> also recognizes the original copies of official birth date documents issued by registered breed associations.</div>
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Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) has a <a href="http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/canadian-agri-food-sector-intelligence/animal-genetics/animal-pedigree-act/?id=1382649715170" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">web page</a> that offers more details on the Animal Pedigree Act as well as a full list of <a href="http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/canadian-agri-food-sector-intelligence/animal-genetics/animal-pedigree-act/incorporated-breed-associations/?id=1382649715171" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Incorporated Breed Associations</a>.</div>
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Acceptable methods for determining the age of an animal in the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Cattle Identification Agency">CCIA</abbr> or the <abbr lang="fr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Agri-Traçabilité Québec">ATQ</abbr> database include either the actual date on which a calf is born or the first day of the calving period in which a group of calves was born. In cases where "estimated" birth dates are provided based on other methods, the date of birth is not to be accepted, and dentition will be used for aging.</div>
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CFIA will examine birth date documentation used by the licence holder for determining the age of cattle. If any deviations are observed at head inspection, CFIA will follow up on any discrepancy between birth date documentation and physical appearance of the head.</div>
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Loss of identification or no identification will result in the animal being aged by its dentition.</div>
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Determining age by dentition examination when no birth date documentation is provided</h5>
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For the purposes of this guidance, cattle are considered to be aged 30 months or older (OTM) when they have more than two permanent incisor teeth erupted (that is, the first pair of permanent incisors and at least one tooth from the second pair of permanent incisors).</div>
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Note</h5>
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For the purpose of this guidance, a permanent tooth is considered erupted when any part of the tooth is protruding through the gum. This will include teeth that have erupted behind or in front of the existing deciduous incisor. Cattle will be considered as less than 30 months of age (<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr>) as long as the erupting third permanent incisor is not above the surface of the gum, whether it is at the back, on the top or at the front of the mandible. See <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-a/eng/1369853226194/1369853310363" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;"><span class="nowrap" style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: nowrap;">Appendix A</span></a>of this guidance for illustration and pictures of bovine incisor teeth and the corresponding age.</div>
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Visual examination of the incisor teeth of each carcass occurs at or before the head inspection station.</div>
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The licence holder will examine the incisor teeth of each carcass, and will determine if the carcass is derived from an OTM animal. The designated trained employee examining the teeth must be able to recognize permanent incisor teeth and be knowledgeable of this guidance. Alternatively the licence holder may decide to treat all slaughtered animals as being derived from OTM animals. In such a case, examination of the incisor teeth would not be required.</div>
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Identification and marking of carcasses</h5>
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The licence holder will apply following measures:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the identification and marking of both sides of the carcasses of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> animals must be done as soon as possible after the carcass has been aged. The licence holder will apply one of the marks described in <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-d/eng/1369854925253/1369854974872" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;"><span class="nowrap" style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: nowrap;">Appendix D</span></a> by means of a stamp (for example, using blue edible ink) to each side of the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcass.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the mark must be visible to the employee responsible for splitting carcasses in order to ensure the use of appropriate splitting saw. When a single saw is used for splitting all carcasses, it shall be cleaned and sanitized after splitting an <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcass if it is to be subsequently used to split a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr> carcass.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">control and identity of the carcass, head and parts must be maintained. The head is identified as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> by means acceptable to the <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/eng/1430250286859/1430250287405#a175" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Veterinarian with supervisory authority</a>.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the licence holder must apply edible blue ink to exposed surfaces of the vertebral column of each <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcass side following removal of the spinal cord and before chilling. For proper identification the licence holder will apply edible blue ink to the vertebral canal and may include the vertebral body, however, the spinous (dorsal) processes should not be stained with ink as it compromises grading. All vertebrae including the sacrum will be stained with blue edible ink in order to achieve a readily visible mark at the time of cutting/boning.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">application of the blue ink to the vertebrae shortly after the carcass has exited the carcass wash, occurs when the licence holder has a written program in place that can demonstrate ongoing effective controls, including a carcass identification and marking system that will ensure all OTM carcasses are properly identified and marked. The written program must be submitted to the Veterinarian with supervisory authority for examination prior to its implementation.</li>
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Licence holders of slaughter establishments may be able to employ other procedures providing the same outcome is achieved. For example, a licence holder may decide to treat all slaughtered cattle, or cattle slaughtered from a particular lot, as being derived from OTM animals. In such a case, SRM would be removed from all carcasses regardless of their age and there would be no need to examine incisor teeth for the purpose of age determination. However there would still be a requirement to apply one of the marks described in <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-d/eng/1369854925253/1369854974872" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Appendix D</a> by means of a stamp to each carcass side if the licence holder also slaughters <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr>. Every vertebral column of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses must be marked and stained as per the above procedures.</div>
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2.2 Control and segregation of carcasses during dressing, chilling, cutting and boning procedures</h4>
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Slaughter establishments</h5>
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Licence holders that slaughter <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr> and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle will ensure that <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> animals are slaughtered as a definable group. The <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> strongly recommends that the slaughter of the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> group(s) proceed at the end of the production day, in order to facilitate operational control and verification of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal. If a licence holder chooses to slaughter and segregate <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle using alternative methodology, a written control program, that is able to achieve the same outcome, must be prepared and be submitted to the CFIA for examination. This must be reviewed and found acceptable to the Veterinarian with supervisory authority prior to implementation. The licence holder is responsible to ensure that the proposed segregation method meets all the eligible exporting requirements.</div>
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However, licence holders of all federal slaughter establishments will visibly group the carcasses of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle in the cooler and schedule the cutting/deboning of such carcasses at the end of the production day. Alternatively, a licence holder of a federal establishment could ship the carcasses to another federal establishment for cutting/deboning.</div>
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Licence holders of slaughter establishments will track the number of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle slaughtered in the establishment. The number of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle will be recorded after <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> examination of the head is complete and before the carcasses have left the kill floor. The total number of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses identified on the kill floor must reconcile with the number of carcasses found in the carcass cooler and the number of carcasses entering the cutting/deboning room or shipped from the establishment.</div>
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Cutting/deboning establishments</h5>
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Licence holders of cutting/deboning establishments that receive sides and/or quarters of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle must develop and implement a control program to maintain the identity of these products until the vertebral column is removed and disposed as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. The procedures include:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">recording of the number of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses/sides/quarters received and reconciliation of this number with the number of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses deboned and cut-up;<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 11.5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">and</span></div>
</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">cutting/deboning of such carcasses/sides/quarters at the end of the production day.</li>
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For domestic purposes it is not required to segregate meat by age category when boning of the vertebral column has been completed.</div>
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3.0 Stunning, dressing, boning and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal</h3>
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3.1 Dedicated <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> tools</h4>
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The licence holder must use, except as detailed later in the following section of this guidance, dedicated tools (for example, knives), identified by colour-coding or another visual system, for all procedures involving the incision and direct or indirect handling of the tissues designated as SRM.</div>
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3.2 Stunning</h4>
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During routine slaughter, the use of a penetrating percussion device which injects air into the cranial cavity or the use of pithing rods is not permitted. In the case of ante-mortem condemnation and euthanasia in the lairage (that is, non-ambulatory and compromised animals discarded as inedible), the use of such methods may be tolerated provided that the licence holder has in place a control program ensuring that OTM carcasses are entirely handled as SRM. Such a control program may include, for example, a marking procedure additional to the usual denaturation policy and/or letter of guarantee from the rendering/salvaging establishment. The outcome is to demonstrate that the licence holder can clearly segregate any OTM carcasses that have been exposed to such methods from those that have not, as well as ensuring that renderer or salvager receiving such OTM carcasses are fully aware that no material can be harvested as pet food or removed to the prohibited material stream from these carcasses. Once exposed to such methods, all tissues derived from any OTM carcass are considered SRM.</div>
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The licence holder must develop, implement and maintain an effective control system to collect brain tissue that has been externalized at the time of stunning prior to bleeding of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle or from all animals if <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr> and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle are not identified before stunning. This control system must include measures to ensure brain matter does not enter or contaminate meat products, animal food products (for example, hides saved for gelatin or collagen, blood salvaged for edible and/or animal food including blood meal that can be used as feed for calves).</div>
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Brain tissue that has fallen on the floor must be discarded as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>.</div>
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When OTM cattle are stunned by penetrative captive bolt, there is a strong likelihood that blood may be contaminated with SRM (neural tissue). The following methods are approved to prevent SRM-contamination of bovine blood that may be used in feeds and food for animals:</div>
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<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">blood collected by open method from age verified UTM will be considered exempted material if it does not contain blood from a OTM animal (zero tolerance)</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">humane stunning using a non-penetrative method (for example, electrical kill stunning, ritual slaughter without stunning, etc.)</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">closed blood collection method (for example, hollow knife or cannula);</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">or any other method that is approved by the CFIA. The licence holder must develop control measures for the prevention of cross-contamination of the blood during the slaughter process and have a CFIA approved written protocol. For more information on blood collection during slaughter refer to enhanced animal health safeguards at <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/srm/abattoirs-meat-processors/blood-collection/eng/1369327046691/1369327047551" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Blood collection during slaughter</a>.</li>
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The incidental stunning of OTM cattle poses a potential risk of SRM cross-contamination of UTM cattle skulls and any Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) produced from them. For more information on prevention of cross-contamination from incidental stunning of OTM cattle, refer to enhanced animal health safeguards at <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/srm/abattoirs-meat-processors/cattle-stunning/eng/1368993227531/1368993228422" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Incidental OTM cattle stunning and contamination with specified risk material (SRM) in slaughter of UTM cattle</a>.</div>
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Refer to the tables below for disposition of face plates, that is, head hides from bovines. The licence holder must develop and maintain specific control program for this purpose.</div>
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<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="active text-center" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">#</th><th class="active text-center" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Options</th><th class="active text-center" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Outcome</th></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">1A</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr> Animals stunned by a penetrating or non-penetrating stunning device.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Routine (non-<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>) inedible stream provided no cross-contamination with brain material or any other <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> animals takes place.</td></tr>
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<table class="table table-bordered" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 23px; max-width: 100%; width: 846px;"><caption style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-top: 8px;">2 Face plates from <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> animals</caption><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="active text-center" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">#</th><th class="active text-center" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Options</th><th class="active text-center" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Outcome</th></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">2A</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> animals stunned by a non-penetrating stunning device (for example, electrical kill stunning, ritual slaughter without stunning, <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Routine (non-<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>) inedible stream unless cross-contamination with brain material or any other <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> animals takes place.</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">2B</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> animals stunned by a penetrating stunning device.</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">Routine (non-<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>) inedible stream provided the leakage of brain tissue from the stun hole is prevented with <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> approved methods such as the application of edible grease, tampons or other equivalent devices, and grossly visible brain material is removed from the face plate by trimming, washing, scraping and/or vacuuming.</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">2C</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;">That are not processed as per options 2A or 2B</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4375; outline: none; padding: 8px; vertical-align: top;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr></td></tr>
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Additional <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> guidance on prevention of contamination of food, animal feed, pet food and fertilizer with <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> are available at:</div>
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<a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/bse/srm/eng/1299870250278/1334278201780" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Sector-Specific Guidance: Abattoirs</a></div>
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3.3 Head separation and removal of skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes and tonsils</h4>
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Cattle age should be determined prior to removing the head from the carcass. If this is not possible due to plant design, the head removal process is performed by using a knife not dedicated for <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> to cut most of the muscles and connective tissue attaching the head to the carcass. This results in partial separation of the head at the junction of the occipital condyles and the first cervical vertebrae.</div>
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A knife dedicated, uniquely identified (that is, colour coded) for <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal is used to sever the spinal cord and is rinsed and sanitized after each animal. A non-dedicated knife is then used to complete the removal of the head. Both knives are adequately rinsed and sanitized after each animal.</div>
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The skull including the brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, palatine tonsils of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle must be disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. The removal of the head must be achieved without contamination of the carcass or other meat products with <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> (that is, spinal cord, brain) or other contaminants. The licence holder must take measures to prevent the contamination of edible products (head meat and tongues for example) by <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>.</div>
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As soon as the inspection of the head is completed and the tongue and cheek meat have been harvested, the remainder of the head shall be placed without delay into a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> leak proof container of suitable dimensions to prevent subsequent contact between the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> head and any other meat products. Boning of the occipital area of the head including the area of the foramen magnum of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle is not permitted.</div>
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3.4 Palatine tonsils</h4>
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Palatine tonsils are removed from the head of all cattle during the preparation of the head for inspection. Palatine tonsils are considered inedible material for cattle of all ages, and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> for <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle.</div>
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3.5 Tongue and cheek meat</h4>
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The removal of the tongue, cheek meat and other edible portions must be achieved without contamination of the carcass and other edible meat products with <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> (that is, spinal cord, brain) or other contaminants.</div>
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3.6 Removal of the distal ileum</h4>
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The distal ileum of all cattle, regardless of their age, is designated as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. Therefore, the distal ileum must be removed and disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> in accordance with this guidance. The licence holder complies with this requirement by choosing one of the following two options:</div>
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<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">removal and disposal of all cattle small intestines with the ileo-cecal junction as SRM; or</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">removal of the distal ileum from the small intestine and disposes of the removed distal ileum as SRM. To ensure the complete removal of the distal ileum, the ileo-cecal junction and at least 200 cm of the attached and uncoiled small intestine proximal to the ileo-cecal junction must be removed (see <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-c/eng/1369854315896/1369854377891" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Appendix C</a> of this guidance for a diagram of the cattle gastrointestinal tract). After the removal of the distal ileum, the remainder of the small intestines from cattle of all ages can be harvested as edible meat products, provided the intestines were found free of pathological defects, and are from carcasses approved for human consumption.</li>
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Under this option, the licence holder must develop, implement and maintain a control program within their PCP (for example, HACCP system) that ensures that the entire distal ileum is removed according to the specifications stated above. The program includes a description of the landmarks, procedures and equipment used to define and measure the distal ileum to be removed. In place of a measuring device, an alternate piece of equipment that consistently provides the same outcome is acceptable. Prior to its implementation, the control program must be reviewed and found acceptable to the veterinarian with supervisory authority.</div>
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The licence holder must also ensure that no piece of the distal ileum is included with any edible meat product or animal food product. If the large intestine is salvaged, there must be a control program in place that identifies the landmarks for the portion being salvaged. See <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/appendix-c/eng/1369854315896/1369854377891" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;"><span class="nowrap" style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: nowrap;">Appendix C</span></a> of this guidance.</div>
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3.7 Carcass splitting</h4>
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For the carcass splitting saw the licence holder has the option either to use dedicated equipment or to ensure that the equipment used on an <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle carcass is cleaned and sanitized before being used on a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr> cattle carcass or on carcasses and parts of carcasses of other food animal species. The level of cleaning required is equivalent to what is required when the carcass splitting saw becomes contaminated (that is, the organic material must be removed to ensure adequate sanitation). A device (for example, catch tray/ screen) must be installed to capture <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> fragments in areas where potential for <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> cross contamination exists.</div>
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The carcass splitting saw should separate the vertebral column in the midline to facilitate removal of the spinal cord. If the saw is equipped with an automatic rinse system, the exhaust water must be ducted away from carcasses and other edible and inedible products. The water-exhaust effluent should be adequately trapped. The trap should be emptied, cleaned and renewed as and when necessary. All residues should be treated as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> and emptied into a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>container.</div>
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The licence holder shall immediately identify any incorrectly split carcasses and ensure that the spinal cord is properly removed in the evisceration area. Incorrectly split carcasses will not be approved by <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> until the spinal cord is properly removed. The licence holder must take appropriate corrective measures to prevent the occurrence of incorrectly split carcasses.</div>
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3.8 Removal of the spinal cord and its verification</h4>
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The spinal cord of OTM cattle is SRM. It must be removed in its entirety prior to stamping of the carcass sides with the meat inspection legend and before the carcass leaves the kill floor. Particular attention needs to be paid to the extremities of the vertebral canal, since it is usually in these areas that pieces of spinal cord are found. Lifting the spinal cord out of the vertebral canal can be achieved using a dedicated SRM knife. Other specialized tools can be used, but chain link gloves are not recommended unless covered with intact rubber/latex gloves to minimize the risk of gross cross-contamination.</div>
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The spinal cord of UTM cattle is not designated as SRM. It is not required to remove the spinal cord from UTM cattle carcasses. Nevertheless, it is strongly recommended to remove the spinal cord from all split carcasses on the kill floor before the final carcass wash as it is a practice recognized by the trading partners. This is further recommended to prevent incorporation of spinal cord tissue into any meat products, ensuring compliance with established meat product standards and simplifying verification measures.</div>
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Hand tools used for spinal cord removal should be uniquely identified (for example, colour coded) and dedicated to this purpose. Specialized spinal cord removal equipment, including vacuums can be used on all age categories of cattle. However, if used before final carcass inspection, specialized spinal cord removal equipment must be sanitized between each carcass. If used after carcasses have been approved, they must be sanitized as required and after each time they are used on an <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle carcass before being subsequently used on <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="under thirty months">UTM</abbr> cattle carcasses or on carcasses of other food animal species.</div>
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Licence holder verification of the complete spinal cord removal is one of the most important control points. The licence holder must make a thorough check of every carcass side to ensure that no remnants of spinal cord are present before the carcass is marked with the meat inspection legend. When any spinal cord remnant is discovered, the carcass must be retained for immediate rework by the licence holder (that is, zero tolerance policy applies).</div>
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In the case of carcasses that are split after chilling (veal carcasses), the spinal cord should be removed during boning/cutting operations if the vertebral column is split in a federally inspected establishment.</div>
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3.9 Removal of the dorsal root ganglia</h4>
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It is the licence holder's responsibility to ensure <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is not incorporated into any edible meat products. The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses must be removed and disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. The vertebral column removal will most likely be done in the cutting and boning room after carcass chilling. In order to ensure complete removal of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr>, the vertebral column of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle (excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the dorsal and transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the wings of the sacrum) must be removed and disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. Cutting and boning procedures used to remove the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> vertebral column shall not cause the removal of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr> with the edible muscle tissue. As a best practice, the cut separating the edible muscle from the vertebral column should be made approximately 2.5 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="centimetres">cm</abbr> (<span class="nowrap" style="box-sizing: border-box; white-space: nowrap;">1 inch</span>) from the vertebral arch to ensure no <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr> is inadvertently included with the edible meat.</div>
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OTM carcass sides or quarters with the vertebral column attached (that is, DRG not removed) can be shipped under CFIA permit from a federal slaughter establishment to another federal establishment if the following controls are in place.</div>
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Shipping OTM carcass sides or quarters with the vertebral column attached to non-federally inspected facilities is not permitted if there is intent to trade to another province or to export.</div>
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Slaughter/shipping establishments</h5>
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Slaughter establishments that do not remove <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr> from vertebral columns on-site will have to implement identification and shipping control system satisfactory to the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Veterinarian-in-Charge">CFIA</abbr>. The controls should include written confirmation that the receiving plant has a verifiable control system in place and an agreement and notification system regarding the number of carcasses sides or quarters to be expected exist between both establishments.</div>
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Receiving establishments</h5>
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The receiving establishment must have a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> permit to receive carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. The receiving establishment must have a verifiable control system in place which will demonstrate to the satisfaction of the CFIA that the sections of the vertebral column containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr> are removed and appropriately disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. The receiving establishment must also advise the slaughter establishment of the number of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses that they have received.</div>
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Note</h5>
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The vertebral column of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> cattle must not be used as raw material in the preparation of mechanically separated meat or finely textured meat.</div>
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3.10 Verification by the licence holder of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal and rework</h4>
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The licence holder must verify the complete removal of all SRM. Any carcass or part that is found to be harbouring fragments of SRM (for example, spinal cord) must be retained by the licence holder for immediate rework and subsequent presentation for further examination by the licence holder. The licence holder should have a system which allows retention and rework of carcasses harbouring residual SRM to occur successfully and without gross SRM cross contamination to meat products. The licence holder must demonstrate control of the system at all times.</div>
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4.0 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> handling and disposition</h3>
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This section describes effective separation of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from the carcass, provisions for storage of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> and hygienic standards associated with floor waste and inedible containers. Because of structural differences between establishments, procedures for separating and isolating the various <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> may vary. Generally, separation of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>should occur as soon as possible and care must be taken to avoid contamination of edible and inedible products and the establishment environment by <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>.</div>
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4.1 Handling of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> within the establishment</h4>
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SRM should be separated from carcasses at the earliest opportunity during the dressing process. SRM should be placed in dedicated containers without delay and regularly moved to a designated area in the inedible products section for SRM staining. This must include all SRM separated from the carcass, SRM from the floor and all others debris collected in the SRM areas. Basic principles of hygiene must be observed at all times.</div>
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4.2 Floor waste</h4>
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Areas where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is removed or handled must be regularly attended to by plant employees assigned this function. Systems for containing gross debris and operational cleaning of these areas are important. Carcass material and debris shovelled or squeegeed from the floor in areas where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is removed or handled and any debris collected from the channels and drain covers/traps derived from these areas must be disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> and deposited in dedicated <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers. Collection of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from drain covers and traps must occur daily.</div>
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Where there are effective controls to prevent floor from contact with <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>, floor waste and debris collected from the corresponding drain covers and traps do not need to be disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. An acceptable method of containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>in areas where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is removed or handled to prevent extensive floor contamination with <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is through the implementation of strategic physical barriers such as troughs, trays, raised floor curbings or barriers of equivalent effects. The licence holder should have a written program in place, to the satisfaction of the CFIA, to prevent the cross-contamination of floor from <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> tissues in these specific areas (see <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a7-1-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Floor waste</a> and <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a7-1-4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">Wastewater materials</a>).</div>
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4.3 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers</h4>
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It is important that all <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> and debris are contained within dedicated leak proof containers clearly and indelibly marked on the outside with the words "Specified Risk Material / Matériel à risque spécifié" or "<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> / <abbr lang="fr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="matériel à risque spécifié">MRS</abbr>" in both official languages.</div>
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4.4 Cleaning of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers</h4>
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The licence holder ensures that:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">all equipment and containers used in the handling of SRM are cleaned and sanitized after being emptied and prior to reuse</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">dedicated inedible and SRM containers are visibly clean at all times. If containers are being returned by a rendering company in an unclean state they are not be used until they are cleaned and sanitized</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">cleaning of SRM containers does not occur in area where potential contamination of the meat products and non-SRM inedible may occur. The cleaning and sanitizing of SRM containers is an integral part of the cleaning schedule of the premises, and verified during the pre-operational inspection</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">dedicated inedible containers and equipment, such as chutes, augers etc, are cleaned and sanitized using a non-food chemical that is suitable for use following accidental contamination with SRM and prior to reuse</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">blood and non-ruminant dedicated containers and equipment, if accidentally cross-contaminated with SRM are cleaned, and disinfected prior to reuse using a suitable priocidal chemical</li>
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5.0 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> controls</h3>
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The licence holder is responsible for the development, implementation, and maintenance of documented control programs that address all the components of this SRM guidance including ante mortem inspection, age determination, carcass identification and SRM removal. The control programs must ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of the Safe food for Canadian Regulations and the Health of Animals Regulations with respect to the control and disposition of bovine SRM and inedible material, including animals that are found dead on arrival or die of the causes other than the slaughter in the establishment. Licence holders are required to reassess, and if required modify, their PCP so that the food safety hazards of BSE are clearly stated and controlled.</div>
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The licence holder and all staff directly involved should have demonstrable knowledge of the establishment's <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>control programs and be able to demonstrate with accurate records that the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> controls they have put in place have been implemented in practice, resulting in full compliance with the regulations and guidance. The licence holder's <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>control programs must be auditable and verifiable.</div>
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Part <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="2">II</abbr>: Enhanced feed ban controls and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> management</h2>
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6.0 Introduction</h3>
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The Canadian government implemented a ruminant to ruminant feed ban in 1997 to limit the spread of BSE. That feed ban prohibited the feeding of most mammalian proteins to ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep and goats. Control measures related to the enhanced feed ban control regulations that came into effect on July 12, 2007 prevent accidental exposure of susceptible animals to BSE and accelerate the time for the eradication of BSE from the national cattle herd. The enhanced feed ban controls require the removal and redirection of all SRM tissues from animal feed, pet food and fertilizers, as are removed from human food (Part I of this guidance). To effectively implement these controls, all SRM be segregated from other edible and inedible materials, identified by staining; and handled appropriately until disposal.</div>
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In every establishment where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is handled, the licence holder will implement the practices described in Part <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="2">II</abbr> of this guidance, as required.</div>
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6.1 Objectives</h4>
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The enhanced feed ban regulations came into effect on July 12, 2007. The guidance is designed to ensure removal of all <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from the animal food chain in a manner that minimizes risks associated with:</div>
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<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">potential adulteration or cross-contamination of ruminant animal feed with prohibited proteins of ruminant origin; and</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">potential on-farm misuse of feed containing prohibited protein of ruminant origin.</li>
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6.2 Control programs</h4>
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The licence holder is responsible for the development, implementation, and maintenance of control programs that address all components of this enhanced feed ban control guidance. These control programs are to be reviewed and approved by the Veterinarian with supervisory authority (or IIC as is appropriate) and their implementation must demonstrate ongoing and effective controls over SRM segregation, staining, shipping/ transportation, record keeping and compliance with the CFIA permitting process.</div>
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7.0 Collection, segregation and staining of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr></h3>
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7.1 Specified Risk Materials (SRM)</h4>
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Licence holders involved in the slaughter of cattle and/or the cutting/boning of bovine carcasses/quarters shall collect and dispose of the following materials as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>.</div>
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<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removed from cattle carcasses</h5>
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This includes <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> tissues removed from cattle carcasses during slaughter, dressing or cutting/ deboning operations (Part <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="1">I</abbr> of this guidance).</div>
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Animals condemned at ante mortem, post mortem, deadstock and bovine fetuses</h5>
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The licence holder ensures the following controls are in place:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">animals condemned at ante mortem and cattle that die from causes other than slaughter are handled as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>, unless the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> has been removed from these carcasses.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">immediate and direct conveyance of the dead stock to a designated area in the inedible product section for staining and disposal in accordance with the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Health of Animals Regulations</i> (see <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a7-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 7.3</a>).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">carcasses of condemned or dead animals from which the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> has not been removed are denatured by staining with a wide stripe from head to tail (contrasting with the animal's coat colour) before shipping to another location under <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> permit (see <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a7-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 7.3</a>).</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">deadstock collected by companies solely dedicated to <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> (all trucks, all equipment, entire premises) may mark a lesser amount of the deadstock carcasses (for example, just the head). Denaturation of such carcasses by injecting a suitable agent is optional</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the bovine carcasses condemned at post mortem inspection must be treated as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> unless they have had all the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removed. Once <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> has been removed, the rest of the carcass can be disposed of according to Section 155 of the SFCR</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">an unborn fetus/calf recovered from the uterus of a cow slaughtered in a federal establishment is non-<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. Any term-fetus with body hair or newborn calf that is found on the ground in side the establishment is <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>, unless the distal ileum has been removed from such animals.</li>
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Floor waste</h5>
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The licence holder ensures that the following controls are in place for management of floor waste:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">in beef slaughter establishments, the floor waste from areas where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is removed or handled will be considered <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. When there are no effective controls to contain the floor waste generated from areas where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is removed or handled, carcass material and debris shovelled or scraped from the floor and debris collected from the channels and drain covers associated with these areas must be disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">where there are effective controls to prevent floor from contact with SRM, floor waste and debris collected from the corresponding drain covers and traps do not need to be disposed of as SRM. An acceptable method of containing SRM in areas where SRM is removed or handled to prevent extensive floor contamination with SRM is through the implementation of strategic physical barriers such as troughs, trays, raised floor curbings or barriers of equivalent effects. The licence holders should have a written program in place, to the satisfaction of the Veterinarian with supervisory authority, to prevent the cross-contamination of floor from SRM tissues in these specific areas</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the floor waste generated in other areas, without any contact with SRM tissues, will not be considered SRM. This is also applicable in areas where the distal ileum (slaughter establishments) and the OTM vertebral columns (cutting and boning rooms) are removed because the SRM is effectively contained within these tissues. However, the licence holders should have a written program in place, to the satisfaction of the Veterinarian with supervisory authority, to limit the cross-contamination of floor from SRM tissues in these areas</li>
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Wastewater materials</h5>
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The licence holder ensures that the following controls are in place for management of wastewater materials:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">in beef slaughter establishments, the animal material and debris recovered from wastewater must be disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> if there are no controls in place to protect the floor from <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> contamination in areas where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is handled or removed. To retrieve this material, a screening system consisting of screens with apertures or a mesh size of no more than 4 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="millimetres">mm</abbr> diameter is in place as a step in the treatment of wastewater</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">all animal materials and debris retained in this screening system is collected and disposed of as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">no grinding or maceration shall take place which could facilitate the passage of animal material through the pre-treatment process. The wastewater beyond this screening system will not be subjected to <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr>'s <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> controls but shall be treated in accordance with relevant provincial, municipal or environment legislations.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">animal material and debris recovered from wastewater screening systems and/or any downstream treatment system, will not need to be treated as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> if, there are effective controls in place to prevent the wastewater and floor debris from becoming contaminated in areas where <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is handled or removed</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">the licence holder must be able to demonstrate that materials and debris recovered originated from a non-<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> or <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> controlled area and/or that <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> effluent originating from an <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> area has been treated by passing through a screening system consisting of screens with apertures or mesh size of no more than 4 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="millimetres">mm</abbr> diameter</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">licence holders who wish to exempt the materials and debris recovered from the wastewater derived from the slaughter floor as <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> must have written program in place to the satisfaction of the veterinarian with supervisory authority.</li>
</ul>
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7.2 <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers</h4>
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<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> must be collected and placed in dedicated leak proof <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers without delay and regularly moved to a designated area in the inedible products section for staining. The <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers must be clearly and indelibly marked on the outside with the words "Specified Risk Material / <span lang="fr" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Matériel à risque spécifié</span>" or "<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> / <abbr lang="fr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Matériel à risque spécifié">MRS</abbr>" in both the official languages.</div>
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Contaminants, such as hydraulic fluids, heavy metals and other chemicals, must not be discarded into <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers since tallow extracted from rendered <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is used in animal feeds, cosmetics, soap, <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr> The inclusion of such contaminants may pose animal and public health risks.</div>
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7.3 Segregation and staining of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr></h4>
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The licence holder is responsible for the segregation and staining of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> after its removal during slaughter or cutting/ deboning. All <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> must be transferred to a dedicated leak proof container/ trailer in a designated area in the inedible products section for staining. It must be conspicuously stained with an indelible marking dye approved by the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> (for example, denaturing agent). Carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> (that is, vertebral columns of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr>) must also be conspicuously stained with an indelible marking dye approved by the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> (that is, blue meat marking ink).</div>
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The stain should be applied to each layer of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> so that the stain is visible on all surfaces that is, every time the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>is transferred to a common <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> staining container or trailer, it has to be stained by spraying. A list of denaturing agents and dyes that have been historically considered suitable for use can be obtained from the Health Canada's <a href="https://food-nutrition.canada.ca/food-safety/referencelist/index-en.php" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">reference Listing of Accepted Construction Materials, Packaging Materials and Non-Food Chemical Products Database</a>.</div>
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The licence holder develops, implements and maintains control programs with the following measures:</div>
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<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">segregating and staining of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> in dedicated <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> containers following its removal from cattle carcasses.<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 11.5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Notes:</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">if the licence holder chooses not to segregate <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from other inedible tissues, all inedible material mixed with the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> will be considered to be <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> and will have to be stained.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">staining requirements would not apply if all the inedible parts of cattle carcasses do not leave the premises (on-site disposal).</li>
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</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">marking carcasses of condemned or dead animals from which the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> has not been removed with a wide stripe down the back of the head and length of the spine using a dye (contrasting with the animal's coat colour) that is conspicuous, indelible and safe for consumption by animals before shipping to another location under <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr>permit. Deadstock being collected by companies solely dedicated to <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> (all trucks, all equipment, entire premises) may mark a lesser amount of the deadstock carcasses (for example, just the head). This would not apply if the carcasses do not leave the premises (on-site disposal).</li>
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8.0 Shipping of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from the establishment</h3>
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8.1 Shipping of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from the inedible are of the establishment</h4>
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The <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Health of Animal Regulations</i> require that no person shall transport <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> to another premise unless it is stained in accordance with the provisions of the Acts and Regulations and it is in a container marked on the outside with the words "Specified Risk Material / Matériel à risque spécifié" or "<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> / <abbr lang="fr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="matériel à risque spécifié">MRS</abbr>" in both official languages.</div>
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Licence holders of cattle slaughter and/or cutting/deboning establishments must collect <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> in dedicated leak proof containers (see <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 7.0</a>). Only properly identified and stained <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> can be shipped from federal establishments. The licence holder and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> transporter must maintain records for <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> shipped from the establishment in accordance with <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 9</a> of this guidance.</div>
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All <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>, if moving from the premises of origin to another location, in any form with the sole exception being laboratory submissions (level 2 or higher laboratory), must be transported under a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> permit. The licence holder of the shipping establishment must develop, implement and maintain a control program that ensures only transport vehicles with a valid <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> permit are used to remove <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from the establishment. The responsible <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> Inspector will verify the licence holders control program.</div>
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8.2 Shipping of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr></h4>
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Slaughter/shipping establishments</h5>
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Slaughter establishments that do not remove vertebral columns containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="dorsal root ganglia">DRG</abbr> from <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses on-site have to implement identification, segregation and shipping controls satisfactory to the CFIA (see <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a2-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">part 2.2</a> and <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a3-9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">part 3.9</a> of this guidance). The licence holder of a slaughter/ shipping establishment must keep daily records that contain the information stated in <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 9</a> of this guidance.</div>
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<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcass transporters</h5>
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All <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>, if moving from the premises of origin to another location, in any form with the sole exception being laboratory submissions (level 2 or higher laboratory), must be transported under a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> permit. Licence holders and owners of companies or vehicles who wish to transport <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses should contact the Veterinarian with supervisory responsibilities/Inspector In-Charge of the establishment or the local <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> Animal Health District Office for permit application information. Transportation of the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> must be done in accordance with the conditions of the permit. The transporter will keep records in accordance with the issuance of the permit, the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Health of Animals Regulations</i> and <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 9</a> of this guidance. The vehicle/trailer transporting <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> carcasses must be cleaned prior to reloading in accordance with the licence holders written program.</div>
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Receiving establishments</h5>
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The receiving establishment must have a <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> permit to receive carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>. Licence holders who wish to receive <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> must submit a permit application to the Veterinarian with supervisory responsibilities/Inspector In-Charge of the establishment or local <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> Animal Health District Office. The application includes written procedures documenting design and operating parameters for the site/facility. The receiving establishment must have a verifiable control system in place (see <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a2-2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 2.2</a> and <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a3-9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 3.9</a>). The receiving establishments must keep records that contain the information stated in <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 9</a> of this guidance.</div>
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8.3 On-site disposal</h4>
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Inquiries regarding the acceptability of an on-site disposal method should be directed to local <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">CFIA</abbr> Animal Health District Office. When <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is treated, confined, or destroyed on-site, the licence holder will keep daily records that include the name and address, date of slaughter and <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal, the combined weight of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> or the number of carcasses (if applicable), the number of the approved tags (<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Cattle Identification Agency">CCIA</abbr>, <abbr lang="fr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Agri-Traçabilité Québec">ATQ</abbr> <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>) and the date on which and the manner in which the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> or the carcasses were treated, confined or destroyed (refer to <a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427#a9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #7834bc; cursor: pointer;">section 9</a> of this guidance).</div>
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9.0 Record keeping</h3>
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<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> records required by the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Health of Animals Regulations</i></h4>
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Section 6.23(1-2) of the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Health of Animals Regulations</i> requires that <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> records be maintained for at least 10 years by every person who:</div>
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<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">is required to remove or stain <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>;</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">collects the carcasses of cattle containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> that died or were condemned at the ante mortem; or</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">receives <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> or carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from another person.</li>
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In addition to the requirements of this section, the licence holders will maintain additional <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> records as indicated earlier in this guidance.</div>
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The licence holder of an establishment that removes (at pre-slaughter, slaughter or <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> deboning), stains, ships, transfers or receives <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> (including meat products containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>) shall keep a record for each day on which the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> is removed, stained or received or the carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> are collected or received. The licence holder must maintain records for 10 years that contain the following information where applicable:</div>
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<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">the name of the licence holder and address of the establishment;</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">the date of <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> removal, staining, shipping, transporting or receiving;</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">the weight of the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>, as well as the number of carcasses if applicable, that is shipped; transported or received;</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">the number of deadstock and animals condemned at ante mortem;</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">the name of the dye used to identify the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> or carcasses;</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">from deadstock containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr>, the approved ear tag number (<abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Canadian Cattle Identification Agency">CCIA</abbr> or <abbr lang="fr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="Agri-Traçabilité Québec">ATQ</abbr>) as defined in section 172 of the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Health of Animals Regulations</i>; or the information referred to in the paragraph 187(2)(a);</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">the name and address of the person, company or establishment that transports the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> or carcasses containing <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> from the establishments or to the establishment; and</li>
<li class="mrgn-bttm-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px;">the name and address of the person or company that received or will receive the <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="specified risk materials">SRM</abbr> (renderers, deadstock collectors, <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="over thirty months">OTM</abbr> receiving establishments, <abbr style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(118, 118, 118); box-sizing: border-box; cursor: help;" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>).</li>
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10.0 Compliance and verification</h3>
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Licence holders responsibilities</h4>
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The licence holder will develop, implement, and maintain documented control programs that address all components of regulations and associated guidance including SRM collection, segregation and staining, shipping/ transportation, record keeping and compliance with CFIA permitting process.</div>
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The control programs must ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of the Safe food for Canadian regulations and the Health of Animals Regulations with respect to the control and disposition of bovine SRM and inedible material, including animals that are found dead on arrival or die of the causes other than the slaughter in the establishment. The licence holders SRM control programs must be auditable and verifiable to the satisfaction of the CFIA officials.</div>
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<a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/food/food-specific-requirements-and-guidance/meat-products-and-food-animals/srm/eng/1369768468665/1369768518427</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files..wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas, John G Gray, Renee Clark, and Stefanie Czub Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Lethbridge, AB Canada</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Keywords: Atypical BSE, oral transmission, RT-QuIC</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has had a significant negative impact on the cattle industry worldwide. In response, governments took actions to prevent transmission and additional threats to animal health and food safety. While these measures seem to be effective for controlling classical BSE, the more recently discovered atypical BSE has presented a new challenge. To generate data for risk assessment and control measures, we have challenged cattle orally with atypical BSE to determine transmissibility and mis-folded prion (PrPSc) tissue distribution. Upon presentation of clinical symptoms, animals were euthanized and tested for characteristic histopathological changes as well as PrPSc deposition.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The H-type challenged animal displayed vacuolation exclusively in rostral brain areas but the L-type challenged animal showed no evidence thereof. To our surprise, neither of the animals euthanized, which were displaying clinical signs indicative of BSE, showed conclusive mis-folded prion accumulation in the brain or gut using standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays. To confirm presence or absence of prion infectivity, we employed an optimized real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay developed at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, USA.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPSc was unsuccessful for brain samples tests from the orally inoculated L type animal using the RT-QuIC. It is possible that these negative results were related to the tissue sampling locations or that type specific optimization is needed to detect PrPSc in this animal. We were however able to consistently detect the presence of mis-folded prions in the brain of the H-type inoculated animal. Considering the negative and inconclusive results with other PrPSc detection methods, positive results using the optimized RT-QuIC suggests the method is extremely sensitive for H-type BSE detection. This may be evidence of the first successful oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle and additional investigation of samples from these animals are ongoing.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1* </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">A study comparing preclinical cattle infected naturally with BSE to clinically affected cattle either naturally or experimentally infected with BSE by the oral route found the most abundant PrPSc in the brainstem area (39), which is consistent with ascension to the brain from the gut by sympathetic and parasympathetic projections (40). In our experiment, abundant prions were observed in the brainstem of cattle with clinical signs of BSE, which is similar to the amount in their thalamus or midbrain regions. Interestingly, prions in the brainstem of cattle with clinical evidence of BSE seeded the RT-QuIC reactions faster than any other brain region despite the brainstem area having lower EIA OD values (Table 2) in comparison to other brain regions. This suggests that higher concentrations of prions do not necessarily seed the reaction faster. Perhaps prions of the brainstem exist in a preferred conformation for better conversion despite being present in lower concentrations.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip... </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">see ;</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason, and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call for this organization to be dissolved... </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, May 05, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing</span></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, December 5, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide</span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IN A NUT SHELL ; (Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) 11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div>
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Prion Conference 2018</div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">O5 Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Babelhadj B (1), Di Bari MA (2), Pirisinu L (2), Chiappini B (2), Gaouar SB (3), Riccardi G (2), Marcon S (2), Agrimi U (2), Nonno R (2), Vaccari G (2) (1) École Normale Supérieure Ouargla. Laboratoire de protection des écosystèmes en zones arides et semi arides University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria; (2) Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (3) University Abou Bekr Bélkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prions are responsible for fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases including CreutzfeldtJakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Following the BSE epidemic and the demonstration of its zoonotic potential, general concerns have been raised on animal prions. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Here we report the identification of a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria and designate it as Camel Prion Disease (CPD). In the last years, neurological symptoms have been observed in adult male and female dromedaries presented for slaughter at the Ouargla abattoir. The symptoms include weight loss, behavioral abnormalities and neurological symptoms such as tremors, aggressiveness, hyper-reactivity, typical down and upwards movements of the head, hesitant and uncertain gait, ataxia of the hind limbs, occasional falls and difficult getting up. During 2015 and 2016, symptoms suggestive of prion disease were observed in 3.1% of 2259 dromedaries presented at ante-mortem examination. Laboratory diagnosis was obtained in three symptomatic dromedaries, sampled in 2016 and 2017, by the detection of typical neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Histopathological examination revealed spongiform change, gliosis and neuronal loss preferentially in grey matter of subcortical brain areas. Abundant PrPSc deposition was detected in the same brain areas by immunohistochemistry and PET-blot. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of PK-resistant PrPSc, whose N-terminal cleaved PK-resistant core was characterized by a mono-glycosylated dominant form and by a distinctive N-terminal cleavage, different from that observed in BSE and scrapie. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PrPSc was also detected, by immunohistochemistry, in all sampled lymph nodes (cervical, prescapular and lumbar aortic) of the only animal from which they were collected. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The PRNP sequence of the two animals for which frozen material was available, showed 100% nucleotide identity with the PRNP sequence already reported for dromedary camel. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Overall, these data demonstrate the presence of a prion disease in dromedary camelswhose nature, origin and spread need further investigations. However, our preliminary observations on the rather high prevalence of symptomatic dromedaries and the involvement of lymphoid tissues, are consistent with CPD being an infectious disease. In conclusion, the emergence of a new prion disease in a livestock species of crucial importance for millions of people around the world, makes urgent to assess the risk for humans and to develop policies able to control the spread of the disease in animals and to minimize human exposure. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 24, Number 6—June 2018 Research </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria</span></div>
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Abstract</div>
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Prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). After the BSE epidemic, and the associated human infections, began in 1996 in the United Kingdom, general concerns have been raised about animal prions. We detected a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. Symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. We confirmed diagnosis by detecting pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues from 3 symptomatic animals. Prion detection in lymphoid tissues is suggestive of the infectious nature of the disease. PrPSc biochemical characterization showed differences with BSE and scrapie. Our identification of this prion disease in a geographically widespread livestock species requires urgent enforcement of surveillance and assessment of the potential risks to human and animal health.</div>
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The possibility that dromedaries acquired the disease from eating prion-contaminated waste needs to be considered.</div>
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Tracing the origin of prion diseases is challenging. In the case of CPD, the traditional extensive and nomadic herding practices of dromedaries represent a formidable factor for accelerating the spread of the disease at long distances, making the path of its diffusion difficult to determine. Finally, the major import flows of live animals to Algeria from Niger, Mali, and Mauritania (<a class="yiv7416195355aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r27" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="27"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">27</em></a>) should be investigated to trace the possible origin of CPD from other countries.</div>
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Camels are a vital animal species for millions of persons globally. The world camel population has a yearly growth rate of 2.1% (<a class="yiv7416195355aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>). In 2014, the population was estimated at ≈28 million animals, but this number is probably underestimated.. Approximately 88% of camels are found in Africa, especially eastern Africa, and 12% are found in Asia. Official data reported 350,000 dromedaries in Algeria in 2014 (<a class="yiv7416195355aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc..cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>).</div>
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On the basis of phenotypic traits and sociogeographic criteria, several dromedary populations have been suggested to exist in Algeria (<a class="yiv7416195355aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r29" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="29"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">29</em></a>). However, recent genetic studies in Algeria and Egypt point to a weak differentiation of the dromedary population as a consequence of historical use as a cross-continental beast of burden along trans-Saharan caravan routes, coupled with traditional extensive/nomadic herding practices (<a class="yiv7416195355aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r30" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="30"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">30</em></a>).</div>
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Such genetic homogeneity also might be reflected in <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em>. Studies on <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em> variability in camels are therefore warranted to explore the existence of genotypes resistant to CPD, which could represent an important tool for CPD management as it was for breeding programs for scrapie eradication in sheep.</div>
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In the past 10 years, the camel farming system has changed rapidly, with increasing setup of periurban dairy farms and dairy plants and diversification of camel products and market penetration (<a class="yiv7416195355aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r13" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="13"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">13</em></a>). This evolution requires improved health standards for infectious diseases and, in light of CPD, for prion diseases.</div>
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The emergence of another prion disease in an animal species of crucial importance for millions of persons worldwide makes it necessary to assess the risk for humans and develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals and minimize human exposure. The implementation of a surveillance system for prion diseases would be a first step to enable disease control and minimize human and animal exposure. Finally, the diagnostic capacity of prion diseases needs to be improved in all countries in Africa where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> IMPORTS AND EXPORTS <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***SEE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BANNED ANIMAL PROTEIN AKA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA DECADES AFTER POST BAN ***</span></div>
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<a href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
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USA MAD COW CASE 2018 FLORIDA</div>
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WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2018 </div>
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JAVMA In Short Update USDA announces detection of atypical BSE</div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/javma-in-short-update-usda-announces.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/javma-in-short-update-usda-announces.html</a></div>
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ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION</div>
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O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></div>
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***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Taylor & Francis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">R. BRADLEY</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </span></div>
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***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">SNIP...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, December 15, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> ADRD Summit RFI Singeltary COMMENT SUBMISSION BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, AND HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<a href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html</a></div>
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Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue </div>
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<a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html</a> </div>
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***> FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 MAD COW USA FLASHBACK Texas Style</div>
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FRIDAY DECEMBER 14, 2018 </div>
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<a href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html</a> </div>
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THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 2019 </div>
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MAD COW USDA DISEASE BSE TSE Prion </div>
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<a href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2015 </div>
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Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk mad cow disease USDA and what really happened</div>
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HOW TO COVER UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a> </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html</a> </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United States of America Information received on 29/08/2018 from Dr John Clifford, Official Delegate, Chief Trade Advisor, APHIS USDA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">''The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.''</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">well, so much for those herd mates exposed to this atypical BSE cow, and all those trace in and trace outs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The OIE, USDA, and the BSE MRR policy is a joke, a sad, very sad joke...</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-75609224755711430232018-12-14T13:22:00.001-06:002018-12-16T11:10:52.474-06:00FSIS Recalling 10,828 pounds raw intact bone-in beef quarters cattle Products may contain Specified Risk Materials (SRM) MOST HIGH RISK FOR BSE MAD COW DISEASE<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
Vermont Packinghouse, LLC Recalls Raw Intact Bone-In Beef Products due to Possible Specified Risk Materials Contamination</div>
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Class II Recall 121-2018</div>
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Health Risk: Low Dec 13, 2018</div>
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Congressional and Public Affairs</div>
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Veronika Pfaeffle </div>
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Press@fsis.usda.gov</div>
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WASHINGTON, Dec.13, 2018 – Vermont Packinghouse, LLC, a N. Springfield, Vt. establishment, is recalling approximately 10,828 pounds of raw intact bone-in beef quarters from cattle identified as being over 30 months of age because the products may contain specified risk materials (SRM), specifically vertebral column, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) announced today.</div>
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The carcasses were slaughtered from Feb. 8, 2018 to June 8, 2018. The following products are subject to recall: </div>
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White butcher paper wrapped packages of fresh T-bone and Porterhouse steaks from Walden Local Butcher Shop in Boston, Massachusetts. The quartered carcasses were shipped from Vermont Packinghouse, LLC to the one retail location for further processing and were wrapped in butcher paper for consumers.</div>
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The problem was discovered when FSIS was notified by the state of Vermont of a complaint received by the state. FSIS then investigated the complaint. </div>
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There have been no confirmed reports of adverse reactions or injuries due to consumption of these products. Anyone concerned about an injury or illness should contact a healthcare provider. </div>
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FSIS is concerned that some product may be in consumers’ freezers. Consumers who have purchased these products are urged not to consume them. These products should be thrown away or returned to the place of purchase.</div>
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FSIS routinely conducts recall effectiveness checks to verify recalling firms notify their customers of the recall and that steps are taken to make certain that the product is no longer available to consumers.</div>
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Consumers and media with questions about the recall can contact at Arion Thiboumery, General Manager of Vermont Packinghouse, LLC, at (802) 886-8688 ext. 2001.</div>
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Consumers with food safety questions can "Ask Karen," the FSIS virtual representative available 24 hours a day at AskKaren.gov or via smartphone at m.askkaren.gov. The toll-free USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) is available in English and Spanish and can be reached from l0 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through Friday. Recorded food safety messages are available 24 hours a day. The online Electronic Consumer Complaint Monitoring System can be accessed 24 hours a day at: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/reportproblem.</div>
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Class I This is a health hazard situation where there is a reasonable probability that the use of the product will cause serious, adverse health consequences or death.</div>
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Class II This is a health hazard situation where there is a remote probability of adverse health consequences from the use of the product.</div>
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Class III This is a situation where the use of the product will not cause adverse health consequences.</div>
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Last Modified Dec 13, 2018</div>
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<a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2018/recall-121-2018-release" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2018/recall-121-2018-release</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, November 16, 2017</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Texas Natural Meats Recalls Beef Products Due To Possible Specified Risk Materials Contamination News Release</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2017/">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2017/</a><br />
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ADOPTED: 7 June 2018 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5314</div>
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Updated quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the BSE risk posed by processed animal protein (PAP)</div>
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Antonia Ricci, Ana Allende, Declan Bolton, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies,Pablo Salvador Fern andez Esc amez, Rosina Giron es, Lieve Herman, Kostas Koutsoumanis,Roland Lindqvist, Birgit Nørrung, Lucy Robertson, Giuseppe Ru, Moez Sanaa,Panagiotis Skandamis, Emma Snary, Niko Speybroeck, Benno Ter Kuile, John Threlfall,Helene Wahlstr€om, Amie Adkin, Matthias Greiner, Daniela Marchis, Marta Prado,Teresa Da Silva Felicio, Angel Ortiz-Pelaez and Marion Simmons</div>
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Abstract</div>
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EFSA was requested: to assess the impact of a proposed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)‘technical zero’on the limit of detection of official controls for constituents of ruminant origin in feed, to review and update the 2011 QRA, and to estimate the cattle bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk posed by the contamination of feed with BSE-infected bovine-derived processed animal protein (PAP), should pig PAP be re-authorised in poultry feed and vice versa, using both light microscopy and ruminant qPCR methods, and action limits of 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300DNA copies. The current qPCR cannot discriminate between legitimately added bovine material and unauthorised contamination, or determine if any detected ruminant material is associated with BSE infectivity. The sensitivity of the surveillance for the detection of material of ruminant origin in feed is currently limited due to the heterogeneous distribution of the material, practicalities of sampling and test performance. A‘technical zero’will further reduce it. The updated model estimated a total BSE infectivity four times lower than that estimated in 2011, with less than one new case of BSE expected to arise each year. In the hypothetical scenario of a whole carcass of an infected cow entering the feed chain without any removal of specified risk material (SRM) or reduction of BSE infectivity via rendering,up to four new cases of BSE could be expected at the upper 95th percentile. A second model estimated that at least half of the feed containing material of ruminant origin will not be detected or removed from the feed chain, if an interpretation cut-off point of 100 DNA copies or more is applied. If the probability of a contaminated feed sample increased to 5%, with an interpretation cut-off point of 300 DNA copies, there would be a fourfold increase in the proportion of all produced feed that is contaminated but not detected.</div>
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©2018 European Food Safety Authority.EFSA Journalpublished by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalfof European Food Safety Authority.</div>
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Keywords: BSE, cattle, PAP, risk, qPCR, technical zero</div>
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Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2017-00705 Correspondence: <a href="mailto:biohaz@efsa.europa.eu" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">biohaz@efsa.europa.eu</a></div>
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Updated quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the BSE risk posed by processed animal protein (PAP)</div>
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BSE, cattle, PAP, risk, qPCR, technical zero</div>
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First published in the EFSA Journal: 17 July 2018</div>
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Adopted: 7 June 2018</div>
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Type: </div>
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Scientific Opinion</div>
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ADOPTED: 7 June 2018doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5314 Updated quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of the BSE risk posed by processed animal protein (PAP)</div>
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4.2.2. Model basis In the event that there were to be some relaxation in the use of non-ruminant PAP in animal feeds (e.g., feeding porcine PAP to poultry) there would be some increase in the risk that ruminant feeds could be contaminated with such material. Non-ruminant PAP should not represent any TSE risk to ruminants as such, but there would be a possibility that the non-ruminant PAP could itself be contaminated with ruminant PAP. The purpose of the model is to estimate the potential exposure of cattle to BSE infectivity due to the potential for contamination of cattle feed with non-ruminant PAP that could include bovine material with traces of infective material.</div>
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There are three stages in the model calculation:</div>
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1) Calculation of BSE infectivity in ruminant PAP (due to incomplete removal of SRMs);</div>
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2) Infectivity in non-ruminant PAP assuming contamination with ruminant PAP;</div>
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3) Infectivity in Cattle feed, assuming contamination with non-ruminant PAP (from step 2)</div>
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Model results are given in terms of the annual exposure of cattle to BSE infectivity (CoID50units) for two alternative feeding regimes (Intensive and Extensive) and for three levels of contamination of the ruminant feed.</div>
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4.2.3. BSE infectivity in Ruminant PAP</div>
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Category 1 waste, which is the material including SRM, is separated and disposed of separately in dedicated plants. This material must be completely disposed of by incineration or landfill following heat treatment.</div>
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Category 3 ABPs from ruminants may be rendered and the resulting protein material (PAP) used in products such as pet food. This assessment will assume that the starting point is the production of PAP from Category 3 waste that is made from by-products from a mixture of ruminant species that have been slaughtered for human consumption. However, it is an assumption for the opinion that this Category 3 material could be contaminated with low levels of bovine SRM.</div>
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The infectivity in ruminant PAP is calculated by combining:</div>
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•BSE prevalence in cattle population;</div>
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•Assumptions on batch size, by-products per animal, PAP yield, proportion of carcases with contaminated material present and reduction in infectivity due to rendering;</div>
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•Amount of BSE infected tissue in the mixture of by-products from contaminated carcasses;</div>
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•Infectivity of BSE infected CNS tissues.</div>
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The input data used for this model are presented in section below.</div>
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4.3. Input data</div>
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4.3.1. Prevalence </div>
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In the EFSA QRA model, the prevalence of BSE has been assessed in two steps, each one was based on rough estimates because few data and scientific results were available at that time. The first step was related to the prevalence of clinical cases per year in the cattle population, and was simply categorised in 3 categories of countries depending on their risk of BSE assessed through the Geographical BSE Risk categorisation (EFSA, 2007b; SSC, 2002). The second step was to estimate the number of sub-clinical non-detected per detected BSE positives, in order to account for the infectivity of infected animals that were dead or culled before the end of the incubation time. Based on few modelling studies, the rough estimate was 2 to 3 undetectable infected animals entering the food chain per detected cattle.</div>
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In this EFSA QRA PAP model, similar two steps are also used but since more accurate estimates,thanks to the active monitoring of BSE and additional modelling studies based on more accurate data are available the categories of previous GBR status of the MS are no longer used.</div>
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•Step 1. The prevalence of detectable cases of BSE can be obtained precisely from the comprehensive surveillance implemented since 2001 in the EU 15 and later in the other EU member states. With the surveillance system in force, almost all infected animals that reach the end of the incubation time at the time of death or slaughter are detected, given the high sensitivity of the rapid test and the comprehensive apparatus. Also, it can be postulated that in the coming years, if the control measures of BSE remain the same, the prevalence of BSE in the EU 27 should continue to decrease or at least remain constant, in light with the analysis carried out recently on 7 EU countries (Ducrot et al., 2010). So it seems reasonable to assume that the BSE prevalence in subsequent years will be less than in 2009. The EFSA QRA PAP model is based on the most recent data available on BSE prevalence in healthy and emergency slaughtered and bovine animals showing clinical signs at ante mortem inspection, at the EU-27 level, those of 2009. It was obtained on animals tested that were older than 30 months (older than 48 in some MS). In 2009, over a total number of 6,406,402 rapid tests performed on the above mentioned three surveillance streams in EU-27, 32 animals were found to be positives.25 That leads to an overall detected prevalence in EU27 tested cattle coming from these three surveillance streams in 2009 of 5.00 positive animals per million animals tested. However, any Category 3 ABPs used to produce PAP would be derived from all slaughtered animals, and not just those tested. For EU-27 a total of 21,018,709 cattle were slaughtered in 2009 26 giving a detected prevalence in EU-27 slaughtered cattle of 1.52 positive animals per million slaughtered.</div>
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•Step 2. Estimates of the number of non-detected per detected BSE case in cattle have been made using different models. From Durand (1999), it was estimated (Durand, personal communication) that the percentage of infected cattle that can be detected at the time of testing (death or culling) varies from 31% to 40% if the rapid screening test detects infected animals 3 to 9 months before the end of the incubation time. In the pessimistic option (30%), it represents 2.3 non-detected per detected BSE case. Still on French data, Sala et al. (2010) carried out a simulation model of the surveillance and detection of BSE, that shows that 20% of infected animals are detected with the tests; this represents 4 non-detected per detected BSE case.Modelling studies carried out by de Koeijer (personal communication), based on a model on BSE dynamics (de Koeijer, 2007) have shown that 85% of infected animals (considering all ages) remain non-detected because they are culled or dead before the end of the incubation time,which represents 5.7 non-detected per detected case. A similar range of non-detected per detected case was also found in a study of the German BSE surveillance data (Greiner, personal communication). Finally, from back calculation models developed using UK data (Arnold and Wilesmith, 2003), it has been estimated (Arnold, personal communication) that 15.7% of the infected animals are detected, corresponding to 5.4 non detected cases per detected case.</div>
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Depending on the culling curve of cattle that can vary between countries, as well as on the age at infection and the infection dose that can modify the incubation time (higher dose, lower incubation time), the models show that the number of non-detected per detected BSE case varies, in a range of 2 to 10 in the situations seen above.</div>
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However, apart from in a few tissues such as the ileum, infectivity only develops significantly towards the end of the incubation period (see Section 3.3.6.7) of EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (2011a). This should mean that the relative infectivity in most infected but non detected animals will be much less than in those that are detected and are thus close to the end of their incubation period.</div>
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In this assessment the number of non-detected BSE infected animals per detected BSE case was assumed to follow a uniform distribution with a range from 2 to 10, the Panel considers this range as being conservative.</div>
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4.3.8 Exposure of Cattle Feed to Ruminant PAP Non-ruminant PAP in itself would not represent a TSE risk to ruminant animals. The risk potential is that by allowing some animal PAPs to be used in some animal feeds then there is a greater chance that ruminant feeds would be contaminated. In order for cattle feed to be contaminated with the BSE agent it would be necessary for two independent contamination events to occur.</div>
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Firstly, non-ruminant PAP is contaminated with ruminant PAP (and that the ruminant PAP had been derived from a batch including an animal with BSE). With the separation of rendering facilities and handling required within the EU this is unlikely to occur. However, at the present time the available tests are not able to differentiate species in the processed material. For this opinion it is assumed that this contamination could range from zero to 5% (modeled as a Uniform distribution). 5%contamination of non-ruminant PAP with ruminant PAP was thought to be a rather pessimistic upper estimate of the possible level of such contamination. It was thought that contamination at such a level could occur only in the most unlikely combination of conditions and so would be highly unlikely.However, it was felt that a pessimistic value was justified because of the absence of a test to differentiate species of origin in PAP.</div>
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Secondly, ruminant feed is contaminated with non-ruminant PAP. Ruminant feed should contain no animal proteins, and will be routinely tested. A base case test sensitivity of 0.1% - the present threshold of diagnostic sensitivity - will be assumed (i.e. ruminant feed may contain up to 0.1% non-ruminant PAP without being detected), but values of 0.02% and 2% will also be evaluated for comparison with the previous EFSA QRA report.</div>
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4.3.9 PAP and Ruminant Feed Production</div>
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Data received from the industry28 indicate that the total PAP production in the EU in 2009 was 2.2 million tonnes, as shown below in Table 4, and that the total amount of Cat 3 material of ruminant origin processed in the EU in 2009 was about 3.4 million tonnes.29</div>
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Table 4:Total PAP production in EU</div>
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Product Production 2009 tonnes Proportion used in Pet Food</div>
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Poultry PAP 372,000 98%</div>
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Feather meal 215,000 50%</div>
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Porcine PAP 375,000 92%</div>
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All other PAP; mixed including ruminant 1,245,000 44%</div>
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snip...see full text;</div>
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<a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/5314" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/5314</a></div>
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2018</div>
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Scotland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Mad Cow Disease has been confirmed on a farm in Aberdeenshire</div>
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<a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/10/scotland-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/10/scotland-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div>
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Scotland BSE case not caused by contaminated animal feed? > BSE not caused by contaminated animal feed</div>
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LOL! that is the dumbest statement i have heard lately.</div>
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<a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/10/scotland-bse-case-not-caused-by.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/10/scotland-bse-case-not-caused-by.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, JULY 13, 2017 </div>
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EFSA BSE Sixty cases of mad cow disease since 2001 breached feed ban likely the cause </div>
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<a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/efsa-bse-sixty-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/efsa-bse-sixty-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html</a></div>
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***>2018 TSE PRION WARNING<***</div>
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***> RUMINANT MAMMALIAN FEED BAN BSE TSE PRION</div>
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***> WARNING, WARNING, WARNING</div>
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***> UPDATE 2018 CWD AND SCRAPIE TRANSMITS TO PIGS ORALLY</div>
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***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div>
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>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </span></div>
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***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. </div>
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***> This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. </div>
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***> Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>>> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***>The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-agent-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-agent-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">CONFIDENTIAL</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div>
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5.3.3 The greatest risk, in theory, would be from parenteral injection of material derived from bovine brain or lymphoid tissue. Medicinal products for injection or surgical implantation which are prepared from bovine tissues, or which utilise bovine serum albumin or similar agents in their manufacture, might also be capable of transmitting infectious agents. All medicinal products are licensed under the Medicines Act by the Licensing Authority following guidance, for example from the Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM), the Committee on Dental and Surgical Materials (CDSM) and their subcommittees. The Licensing Authority have been alerted to potential concern about BSE in medicinal products and will ensure that scrutiny of source materials and manufacturing processes now takes account of BSE agent. </div>
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<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102132706/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102132706/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf</a></div>
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see new url...tss</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530225750/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk:80/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090530225750/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk:80/files/ib/ibd1/tab02.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...see much more here ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</span></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/efsa-bse-sixty-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/efsa-bse-sixty-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2017 </div>
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EFSA asked to review risk from processed animal proteins in feed PIG PAP and CWD TSE Prion Oral Transmission</div>
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<a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-asked-to-review-risk-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-asked-to-review-risk-from.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> PRION CONFERENCE 2018 <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">O3 Experimental studies on prion transmission barrier and TSE pathogenesis in large animals </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Rosa Bolea(1), Acín C(1)Marín B(1), Hedman C(1), Raksa H(1), Barrio T(1), Otero A(1), LópezPérez O(1), Monleón E(1),Martín-Burriel(1), Monzón M(1), Garza MC(1), Filali H(1),Pitarch JL(1), Garcés M(1), Betancor M(1), GuijarroIM(1), GarcíaM(1), Moreno B(1),Vargas A(1), Vidal E(2), Pumarola M(2), Castilla J(3), Andréoletti O(4), Espinosa JC(5), Torres JM(5), Badiola JJ(1). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">1Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, VeterinaryFaculty, Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza,Spain.2 RTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB) 3 4 INRA, ÉcoleVétérinaire, Toulouse, France.5CIC bioGUNE, Prion researchlab, Derio, Spain CISA- INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Experimental transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) has been understood and related with several factors that could modify the natural development of these diseases. In fact, the behaviour of the natural disease does not match exactly in each animal, being modified by parameters such as the age at infection, the genotype, the breed or the causative strain. Moreover, different TSE strains can target different animal species or tissues, what complicate the prediction of its transmissibility when is tested in a different species of the origin source. The aim of the experimental studies in large animals is to homogenize all those factors, trying to minimize as much as possible variations between individuals. These effects can be flattened by experimental transmission in mice, in which a specific strain can be selected after several passages. With this objective, several experimental studies in large animals have been developed by the presenter research team. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Classical scrapie agent has been inoculated in cow, with the aim of demonstrate the resistance or susceptibility of this species to the first well known TSE; Atypical scrapie has been inoculated in sheep (using several routes of infection), cow and pig, with the objective of evaluating the potential pathogenicity of this strain; Classical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) has been inoculated in goats aiming to demonstrate if the genetic background of this species could protect against this strain; goat BSE and sheep BSE have been inoculated in goats and pigs respectively to evaluate the effect of species barrier; and finally atypical BSE has been inoculated in cattle to assess the transmissibility properties of this newly introduced strain. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Once the experiments have been carried out on large animal species, a collection of samples from animals studied were inoculated in different types of tg mice overexpressing PrPcin order to study the infectivity of the tissues, and also were studied using PMCA. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">In summary, the parameters that have been controlled are the species, the strain, the route of inoculation, the time at infection, the genotype, the age, and the environmental conditions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">To date, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> eleven of the atypical scrapie intracerebrally inoculated sheep have succumbed to atypical scrapie disease; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> six pigs to sheep BSE; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> one cow to classical scrapie; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> nine goats to goat BSE and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> five goats to classical BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> PrPSC has been demonstrated in all cases by immunohistochemistry and western blot. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">=====> PRION CONFERENCE 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a> <a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"> Friday, December 14, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">snip.....</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf </a>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html </a>;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 02, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">CWD TSE PRION, REGULATORY LEGISLATION, PAY TO PLAY, and The SPREAD of Chronic Wasting Disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/cwd-tse-prion-regulatory-legislation.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/cwd-tse-prion-regulatory-legislation.html</a></span></div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">
Prion Conference 2018</div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">O5 Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Babelhadj B (1), Di Bari MA (2), Pirisinu L (2), Chiappini B (2), Gaouar SB (3), Riccardi G (2), Marcon S (2), Agrimi U (2), Nonno R (2), Vaccari G (2) (1) École Normale Supérieure Ouargla. Laboratoire de protection des écosystèmes en zones arides et semi arides University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria; (2) Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (3) University Abou Bekr Bélkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prions are responsible for fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases including CreutzfeldtJakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Following the BSE epidemic and the demonstration of its zoonotic potential, general concerns have been raised on animal prions. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Here we report the identification of a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria and designate it as Camel Prion Disease (CPD). In the last years, neurological symptoms have been observed in adult male and female dromedaries presented for slaughter at the Ouargla abattoir. The symptoms include weight loss, behavioral abnormalities and neurological symptoms such as tremors, aggressiveness, hyper-reactivity, typical down and upwards movements of the head, hesitant and uncertain gait, ataxia of the hind limbs, occasional falls and difficult getting up. During 2015 and 2016, symptoms suggestive of prion disease were observed in 3.1% of 2259 dromedaries presented at ante-mortem examination. Laboratory diagnosis was obtained in three symptomatic dromedaries, sampled in 2016 and 2017, by the detection of typical neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Histopathological examination revealed spongiform change, gliosis and neuronal loss preferentially in grey matter of subcortical brain areas. Abundant PrPSc deposition was detected in the same brain areas by immunohistochemistry and PET-blot. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of PK-resistant PrPSc, whose N-terminal cleaved PK-resistant core was characterized by a mono-glycosylated dominant form and by a distinctive N-terminal cleavage, different from that observed in BSE and scrapie. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PrPSc was also detected, by immunohistochemistry, in all sampled lymph nodes (cervical, prescapular and lumbar aortic) of the only animal from which they were collected. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The PRNP sequence of the two animals for which frozen material was available, showed 100% nucleotide identity with the PRNP sequence already reported for dromedary camel. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Overall, these data demonstrate the presence of a prion disease in dromedary camelswhose nature, origin and spread need further investigations. However, our preliminary observations on the rather high prevalence of symptomatic dromedaries and the involvement of lymphoid tissues, are consistent with CPD being an infectious disease. In conclusion, the emergence of a new prion disease in a livestock species of crucial importance for millions of people around the world, makes urgent to assess the risk for humans and to develop policies able to control the spread of the disease in animals and to minimize human exposure. </span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 24, Number 6—June 2018 Research </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria</span></div>
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Prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). After the BSE epidemic, and the associated human infections, began in 1996 in the United Kingdom, general concerns have been raised about animal prions. We detected a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. Symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. We confirmed diagnosis by detecting pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues from 3 symptomatic animals. Prion detection in lymphoid tissues is suggestive of the infectious nature of the disease. PrPSc biochemical characterization showed differences with BSE and scrapie. Our identification of this prion disease in a geographically widespread livestock species requires urgent enforcement of surveillance and assessment of the potential risks to human and animal health.</div>
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The possibility that dromedaries acquired the disease from eating prion-contaminated waste needs to be considered.</div>
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Tracing the origin of prion diseases is challenging. In the case of CPD, the traditional extensive and nomadic herding practices of dromedaries represent a formidable factor for accelerating the spread of the disease at long distances, making the path of its diffusion difficult to determine. Finally, the major import flows of live animals to Algeria from Niger, Mali, and Mauritania (<a class="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r27" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="27"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">27</em></a>) should be investigated to trace the possible origin of CPD from other countries.</div>
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Camels are a vital animal species for millions of persons globally. The world camel population has a yearly growth rate of 2.1% (<a class="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>). In 2014, the population was estimated at ≈28 million animals, but this number is probably underestimated. Approximately 88% of camels are found in Africa, especially eastern Africa, and 12% are found in Asia. Official data reported 350,000 dromedaries in Algeria in 2014 (<a class="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>).</div>
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On the basis of phenotypic traits and sociogeographic criteria, several dromedary populations have been suggested to exist in Algeria (<a class="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r29" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="29"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">29</em></a>). However, recent genetic studies in Algeria and Egypt point to a weak differentiation of the dromedary population as a consequence of historical use as a cross-continental beast of burden along trans-Saharan caravan routes, coupled with traditional extensive/nomadic herding practices (<a class="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r30" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="30"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">30</em></a>).</div>
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Such genetic homogeneity also might be reflected in <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em>. Studies on <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em> variability in camels are therefore warranted to explore the existence of genotypes resistant to CPD, which could represent an important tool for CPD management as it was for breeding programs for scrapie eradication in sheep.</div>
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In the past 10 years, the camel farming system has changed rapidly, with increasing setup of periurban dairy farms and dairy plants and diversification of camel products and market penetration (<a class="aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r13" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="13"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">13</em></a>). This evolution requires improved health standards for infectious diseases and, in light of CPD, for prion diseases.</div>
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The emergence of another prion disease in an animal species of crucial importance for millions of persons worldwide makes it necessary to assess the risk for humans and develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals and minimize human exposure. The implementation of a surveillance system for prion diseases would be a first step to enable disease control and minimize human and animal exposure. Finally, the diagnostic capacity of prion diseases needs to be improved in all countries in Africa where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> IMPORTS AND EXPORTS <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***SEE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BANNED ANIMAL PROTEIN AKA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA DECADES AFTER POST BAN ***</span></div>
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<a href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THIS April, 4, 2017 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">violation of the mad cow 21 CFR 589.2000 OAI is very serious for the great state of Michigan, some 20 years post FDA mad cow feed of August 1997. if would most likely take a FOIA request and a decade of wrangling to find out more. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">I would kindly like to comment on this FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory (excel format)4 format, for reporting these breaches of BSE TSE prion protocols, from the extensive mad cow feed ban warning letters the fda use to put out for each violations. simply put, this excel format sucks, and the FDA et al intentionally made it this difficult to follow the usda fda mad cow follies. this is an intentional format to make it as difficult as possible to follow these breaches of the mad cow TSE prion safety feed protocols. to have absolutely no chronological or numerical order, and to format such violations in a way that they are almost impossible to find, says a lot about just how far the FDA and our fine federal friends will go through to hide these continued violations of the BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, and any breaches of protocols there from. once again, the wolf guarding the henhouse $$$</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RTS = REFERRED TO STATE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">2016</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">ONE more thing, please remember, the label does not have to say ''deer ration'' for cervid to be pumped up with. you can get the same ''high protein'' from many sources of high protein feed for animals other than cattle, and feed them to cervid...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Friday, September 4, 2009</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed..blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 11, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CONFIDENTIAL IN CONFIDENCE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OF PIGS FDA EMERGENCY REQUEST FOR RULE CHANGE USA Section 21 C.F.R. 589.2000</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, JULY 10, 2018 CONFIDENTIAL IN CONFIDENCE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OF PIGS *** </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">''but feeding of other ruminant protein, including scrapie-infected sheep, can continue to pigs.'' </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CONFIDENTIAL </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OF PIGS </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***>10 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">42,090 lbs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WI</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">___________________________________</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">9,997,976 lbs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">ID and NV</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA 2004 ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM AND HOW NOT TO FIND BSE CASES (OFFICIAL DRAFT OIG REPORT) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CATTLE With CNS Symptoms Were NOT Always Tested </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Between FYs 2002 and 2004, FSIS condemned 680 cattle of all ages due to CNS symptoms. About 357 of these could be classified as adult. We could validate that ONLY 162 were tested for BSE (per APHIS records. ... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WE interviewed officials at five laboratories that test for rabies. Those officials CONFIRMED THEY ARE NOT REQUIRED TO SUBMIT RABIES-NEGATIVE SAMPLES TO APHIS FOR BSE TESTING. A South Dakota laboratory official said they were not aware they could submit rabies-negative samples to APHIS for BSE testing. A laboratory official in another State said all rabies-negative cases were not submitted to APHIS because BSE was ''NOT ON THEIR RADAR SCREEN." Officials from New York, Wisconsin, TEXAS, and Iowa advised they would NOT submit samples from animals they consider too young. Four of the five States contacted defined this age as 24 months; Wisconsin defined it as 30 months. TEXAS officials also advised that they do not always have sufficient tissue remaining to submit a BSE sample. ... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FULL TEXT 54 PAGES OF HOW NOT TO FIND BSE IN USA ; </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.house.gov/reform/min/pdfs_108_2/pdfs_inves/pdf_food_usda_mad_cow_july_13_ig_rep.pdf%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.house.gov/reform/min/pdfs_108_2/pdfs_inves/pdf_food_usda_mad_cow_july_13_ig_rep.pdf </a>;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA/FDA MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE 2006</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS IN COMMERCE AL,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TN, AND WV</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">complete.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">protein.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">477.72 tons</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">AL</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">a) Dairy feed, custom, Recall # V-134-6;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Custom Dairy Feed with Monensin, Recall # V-135-6.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None. Bulk product</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recalling Firm: Burkmann Feed, Greeneville, TN, by Telephone beginning on</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">June 28, 2006.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Manufacturer: H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL. Firm initiated</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">recall is complete.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Possible contamination of dairy feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1,484 tons</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TN and WV</span></span></div>
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<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></span></span></div>
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<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALLS ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 KY, LA,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">MS, AL, GA, AND TN 11,000+ TONS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 16, 2006 at 9:19 am PST</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-115-6</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Hiseville Feed & Seed Co., Hiseville, KY, by telephone and letter on or</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">about July 14, 2006. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Approximately 2,223 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">KY</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-116-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Rips Farm Center, Tollesboro, KY, by telephone and letter on July 14, 2006.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA initiated recall is ongoing.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1,220 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">KY</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-117-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Kentwood Co-op, Kentwood, LA, by telephone on June 27, 2006. FDA initiated</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">recall is completed.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">40 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">LA and MS</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk Dairy Feed, Recall V-118-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Cal Maine Foods, Inc., Edwards, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. FDA</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">initiated recall is complete.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">7,150 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">MS</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-119-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Walthall County Co-op, Tylertown, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. Firm</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">initiated recall is complete.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">bone meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">87 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">MS</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">initiated recall is complete.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">bone meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">350 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">AL and MS</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-125-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-126-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">recall is ongoing.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">7,541-50 lb bags</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">AL, GA, MS, and TN</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">###</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL MI MAMMALIAN PROTEIN VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">COMMERCE 27,694,240 lbs</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:14 pm PST</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Baker recalled feed products.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">initiated recall is complete.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">with mammalian protein.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">27,694,240 lbs</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">MI</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">###</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-103-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-104-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-107-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-111-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-112-6</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">125 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">AL and FL</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">###</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL KY VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ?????</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:19 pm PST</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">recall is ongoing.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">?????</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">KY</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">###</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CJD WATCH MESSAGE BOARD</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TSS</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">71.248.128.67</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals,</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-079-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg),</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-080-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">a) Bulk</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">b) None</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Bulk</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Bulk</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">meal.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">10,878.06 tons</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Nationwide</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">###</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> IMPORTS AND EXPORTS <***</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***SEE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BANNED ANIMAL PROTEIN AKA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA DECADES AFTER POST BAN ***</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/</a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">
<br /></div>
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<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
USA MAD COW CASE 2018 FLORIDA</div>
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<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2018 </div>
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<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.22em;">
JAVMA In Short Update USDA announces detection of atypical BSE</div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/javma-in-short-update-usda-announces.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/javma-in-short-update-usda-announces.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2018</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">JAVMA In Short Update USDA announces detection of atypical BSE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">-----Original Message----- </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Terry Singeltary </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">T</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">o: bse-l </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Cc: vlc ; medialibrary ; DBanasiak ; rvalentine ; llien ; jhorvath ; kbrandt ; agonda ; DBanasiak ; AVMAinfo </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Sent: Wed, Sep 26, 2018 11:10 am </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: JAVMA In Short Update USDA announces detection of atypical BSE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA announces detection of atypical BSE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">On Aug. 29, the Department of Agriculture announced an atypical case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a 6-year-old mixed-breed beef cow in Florida. The animal was never brought to slaughter. The National Veterinary Services Laboratories of the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service confirmed that the cow tested positive for atypical H-type BSE. The animal was initially tested at the Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory as part of routine surveillance of cattle that are deemed unsuitable for slaughter. Of the five previous U.S. cases of BSE, the first was a case of classical BSE in a cow imported from Canada. The primary source of infection for classical BSE is feed contaminated with the infectious prion agent. The rest of the cases were atypical BSE, which seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/181015j.aspx" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/181015j.aspx</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">''Atypical BSE is different, and it generally occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater. It seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.''</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FALSE!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">''The primary source of infection for classical BSE is feed contaminated with the infectious prion agent, such as meat-and-bone meal containing protein derived from rendered infected cattle. Regulations from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have prohibited the inclusion of mammalian protein in feed for cattle and other ruminants since 1997 and have also prohibited high risk tissue materials in all animal feed since 2009.''</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FALSE!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">oh what webs of deceit we weave, when all we do is practice to deceive $$$</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">LET'S REVIEW RECENT AND PAST SCIENCE THAT SHOWS THE ABOVE TWO STATEMENTS ARE FAR FROM TRUE;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United States of America Information received on 29/08/2018 from Dr John Clifford, Official Delegate, Chief Trade Advisor, APHIS USDA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">''The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.''</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">well, so much for those herd mates exposed to this atypical BSE cow, and all those trace in and trace outs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The OIE, USDA, and the BSE MRR policy is a joke, a sad, very sad joke...</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 30, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services announced it is working closely with U.S. Department of Agriculture regarding an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2018/08/florida-department-of-agriculture-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2018/08/florida-department-of-agriculture-and.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 30, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TRACKING HERD MATES USDA MAD COW DISEASE, TRACE FORWARD, TRACE BACK RECORDS, WHO CARES, NOT THE OIE</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/08/tracking-herd-mates-usda-mad-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/08/tracking-herd-mates-usda-mad-cow.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA ONLY TESTING 20k HEAD OF CATTLE A YEAR FOR MAD COW DISEASE ...LOL!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/08/tracking-herd-mates-usda-mad-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/08/tracking-herd-mates-usda-mad-cow.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://usdavskorea.blogspot.com/2018/08/south-korea-plans-to-strengthen.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://usdavskorea.blogspot.com/2018/08/south-korea-plans-to-strengthen.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> USDA DROPS MAD COW TESTING FROM 40K A YEAR TO JUST 20K A YEAR, IMPOSSIBLE TO FIND BSE, BUT THEY DID, IN FLORIDA!</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-drops-mad-cow-testing-from-40k.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-drops-mad-cow-testing-from-40k.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 01, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> National Scrapie Eradication Program September 2018 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2018 October 15, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/11/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2018/11/national-scrapie-eradication-program.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files..wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas, John G Gray, Renee Clark, and Stefanie Czub Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Lethbridge, AB Canada</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Keywords: Atypical BSE, oral transmission, RT-QuIC</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has had a significant negative impact on the cattle industry worldwide. In response, governments took actions to prevent transmission and additional threats to animal health and food safety. While these measures seem to be effective for controlling classical BSE, the more recently discovered atypical BSE has presented a new challenge. To generate data for risk assessment and control measures, we have challenged cattle orally with atypical BSE to determine transmissibility and mis-folded prion (PrPSc) tissue distribution. Upon presentation of clinical symptoms, animals were euthanized and tested for characteristic histopathological changes as well as PrPSc deposition.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The H-type challenged animal displayed vacuolation exclusively in rostral brain areas but the L-type challenged animal showed no evidence thereof. To our surprise, neither of the animals euthanized, which were displaying clinical signs indicative of BSE, showed conclusive mis-folded prion accumulation in the brain or gut using standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays. To confirm presence or absence of prion infectivity, we employed an optimized real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay developed at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, USA.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPSc was unsuccessful for brain samples tests from the orally inoculated L type animal using the RT-QuIC. It is possible that these negative results were related to the tissue sampling locations or that type specific optimization is needed to detect PrPSc in this animal. We were however able to consistently detect the presence of mis-folded prions in the brain of the H-type inoculated animal. Considering the negative and inconclusive results with other PrPSc detection methods, positive results using the optimized RT-QuIC suggests the method is extremely sensitive for H-type BSE detection. This may be evidence of the first successful oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle and additional investigation of samples from these animals are ongoing.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1* </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">A study comparing preclinical cattle infected naturally with BSE to clinically affected cattle either naturally or experimentally infected with BSE by the oral route found the most abundant PrPSc in the brainstem area (39), which is consistent with ascension to the brain from the gut by sympathetic and parasympathetic projections (40). In our experiment, abundant prions were observed in the brainstem of cattle with clinical signs of BSE, which is similar to the amount in their thalamus or midbrain regions. Interestingly, prions in the brainstem of cattle with clinical evidence of BSE seeded the RT-QuIC reactions faster than any other brain region despite the brainstem area having lower EIA OD values (Table 2) in comparison to other brain regions. This suggests that higher concentrations of prions do not necessarily seed the reaction faster. Perhaps prions of the brainstem exist in a preferred conformation for better conversion despite being present in lower concentrations.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 02, 2010 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE - ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION (RBSE 92-21367) statutory (obex only) diagnostic criteria CVL 1992</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Wednesday, July 15, 2015</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed?</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot..com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply;</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone..org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/02/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/02/</a><br />
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Thursday, July 24, 2014</div>
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Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA</div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a></div>
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Saturday, January 31, 2015</div>
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RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE</div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html</a></div>
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In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or horderves.</div>
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Thursday, November 28, 2013</div>
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Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a></div>
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seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse), not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ???</div>
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Saturday, September 21, 2013</div>
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Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT</div>
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<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a></div>
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DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ???</div>
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this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</div>
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<a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div>
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try this link ;</div>
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<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a></div>
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Sunday, November 13, 2011</div>
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*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer livestock</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, March 2, 2016</div>
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RANCHO He did not know that they were placing healthy cow heads next to suspect carcasses BSE TSE Prion</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html</a></div>
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Sunday, June 14, 2015</div>
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Larry’s Custom Meats Inc. Recalls Beef Tongue Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials BSE TSE Prion</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html</a></div>
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Thursday, June 12, 2014</div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials 4,012 pounds of fresh beef products because the dorsal root ganglia may not have been completely removed</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html</a></div>
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Saturday, November 10, 2012</div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That May Contain Specified Risk Materials Nov 9, 2012 WI Firm Recalls Beef Tongues</div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Saturday, July 23, 2011</div>
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CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Sunday, October 18, 2009</div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Thursday, October 15, 2009</div>
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Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a></div>
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Thursday, June 26, 2008</div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Tuesday, July 1, 2008</div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Friday, August 8, 2008</div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs 941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Saturday, April 5, 2008</div>
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SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS</div>
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<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
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<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
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<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div>
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Friday, October 15, 2010</div>
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BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle</div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a></div>
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SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs</div>
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<a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERIAL SRM 2016</span></div>
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<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">UPDATED OLD HISTORY MYSTERIOUS CASES OF CJD TEXAS ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CJD NE TEXAS CLUSTER</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Northeast Texas J.A. Rawlings,*1 K.A. Hendricks1, O.M. Nuno1, D.A. Brown1, D.A. Evans2, Texas Department of Health, 1Austin and 2Tyler, Texas </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, is caused by prions composed of proteinaceous material devoid of nucleic acid. CJD occurs sporadically (generally 1 case/1,000,000 population per year) in older patients (average age of 65) and is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia, accompanied by severe muscle spasms and incoordination. Death usually occurs within 3 to 12 months (average 7 months). CJD activity in Texas, which has a population of nearly 19 million, appeared to be typical. The statewide death rate for 1995 and 1996 was just under 1/1,000,000. In April of 1997, the Texas Department of Health became aware of an increased number of possible CJD cases in a 23-county area of NE Texas with a population of just over one million. After review of medical and pathology records, four patients were identified with definite classic CJD and three were identified with probable CJD. Dates of death for the eight patients were from April, 1996 through mid-July 1997. The patients were from 46 through 65 years of age; four were male and three were female. A case-control study to identify risks for CJD in NE Texas has been initiated. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/tse/Rawlings.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/tse/Rawlings.htm</a> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2014/06/confirmed-variant-cjd-case-in-texas.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2014/06/confirmed-variant-cjd-case-in-texas.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, AUGUST 11, 2013 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease CJD cases rising North America updated report August 2013</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-cases.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2013/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-cases.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2013 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Disease Cases in Texas by Year, 2003-2012</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2013/10/prion-disease-cases-in-texas-by-year_13.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2013/10/prion-disease-cases-in-texas-by-year_13.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, February 12, 2012 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined1 (August 19, 2011) including Texas </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 09, 2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Case report Sporadic fatal insomnia in a young woman: A diagnostic challenge: Case Report TEXAS </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">HOW TO TURN A POTENTIAL MAD COW VICTIM IN THE USA, INTO A HAPPENSTANCE OF BAD LUCK, A SPONTANEOUS MUTATION FROM NOTHING. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OR WAS IT $$$ </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-11-136" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-11-136</a></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/case-report-sporadic-fatal-insomnia-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/case-report-sporadic-fatal-insomnia-in.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, JUNE 1, 2010 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USA cases of dpCJD rising with 24 cases so far in 2010</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/06/usa-cases-of-dpcjd-rising-with-24-cases.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/06/usa-cases-of-dpcjd-rising-with-24-cases.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">>>> Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle. <<< </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Irma Linda Andablo CJD Victim, she died at 38 years old on February 6, 2010 in Mesquite Texas</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Irma Linda Andablo CJD Victim, she died at 38 years old on February 6, 2010 in Mesquite Texas. She left 6 Kids and a Husband.The Purpose of this web is to give information in Spanish to the Hispanic community, and to all the community who want's information about this terrible disease.- Physician Discharge Summary, Parkland Hospital, Dallas Texas Admit Date: 12/29/2009 Discharge Date: 1/20/2010 Attending Provider: Greenberg, Benjamin Morris; General Neurology Team: General Neurology Team Linda was a Hispanic female with no past medical history presents with 14 months of incresing/progressive altered mental status, generalized weakness, inability to walk, loss of appetite, inability to speak, tremor and bowel/blader incontinence.She was, in her usual state of health up until February, 2009, when her husbans notes that she began forgetting things like names and short term memories. He also noticed mild/vague personality changes such as increased aggression. In March, she was involved in a hit and run MVA,although she was not injured. The police tracked her down and ticketed her. At that time, her son deployed to Iraq with the Army and her husband assumed her mentation changes were due to stress over these two events. Also in March, she began to have weakness in her legs, making it difficult to walk. Over the next few months, her mentation and personality changes worsened, getting to a point where she could no longer recognized her children. She was eating less and less. She was losing more weight. In the last 2-3 months, she reached the point where she could not walk without an assist, then 1 month ago, she stopped talking, only making grunting/aggressive sounds when anyone came near her. She also became both bowel and bladder incontinent, having to wear diapers. Her '"tremor'" and body jerks worsened and her hands assumed a sort of permanent grip position, leading her family to put tennis balls in her hands to protect her fingers. The husband says that they have lived in Nebraska for the past 21 years. They had seen a doctor there during the summer time who prescribed her Seroquel and Lexapro, Thinking these were sx of a mood disorder. However, the medications did not help and she continued to deteriorate clinically. Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle. The husband says that he does not know any fellow workers with a similar illness. He also says that she did not have any preceeding illness or travel. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19:cjd-english-info&catid=9:cjd-ingles&Itemid=8 </a>;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> >>> Up until about 6 years ago, the pt worked at Tyson foods where she worked on the assembly line, slaughtering cattle and preparing them for packaging. She was exposed to brain and spinal cord matter when she would euthanize the cattle. <<< </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Irma Linda Andablo, victima de CJD</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"...padeció durante un año de CJD Esporádico, Falleció a la edad de 38 años en la ciudad de Mesquite Texas un 6 de Febrero del año 2010" Irma Linda Martinez nació en el pueblo de Batesville Texas un 17 de mayo de 1971, padeció durante un año de CJD Esporádico (mal de la vaca loca conocido en español) Falleció a la edad de 38 años en la ciudad de Mesquite Texas un 6 de Febrero del año 2010. A continuación describiremos datos de su padecimiento: Se casó a la edad de 16 años con Everardo Andablo (Lalo) ella residió en Lexington Nebraska, desde ese entonces, trabajó aproximadamente 11 años en una compañia de matanza de vacas y procesadora de carne (Tyson) ella trabajaba en el rastro o el área de matanza, para el 2008 ella trabajaba como agente de seguridad para esta misma compañia, para ese entonces ella empezó a presentar cambios en su vida, su próximo trabajo fue en Subway dentro de una tienda comercial, donde los cambios de salud empezaron a ser muy notorios pues empezó a perder mucho peso, de 237 L de su peso normal empezó perdiendo 24 L en menos de un mes, esto era sorprendente!!! fué entonces cuando dejó el trabajo en febrero del 2009, de repente empezó a olvidar datos importantes. La siguiente información es una traducción pertenece al comunicado que el equipo de neurologia del hospital Parkland en la ciudad de Dallas Texas liberó a su salida, después de haber estado internada del 29 de diciembre del 2009 a enero 20 del 2010, en este comunicado se encuentra el historial tanto médico como de sintomas presentados en Linda: Physician Discharge Summary : (traducido y adaptado) "...Mujer de 38 años presento 10 meses de una estado mental progresivo y alterado, con debilidad general, temblor, inhabilidad para caminar, para hablar, con pérdida de apetito e incontinencia de esfínteres, ella empezó a mostrar debilidad en las piernas, durante los siguientes meses su estado mental se agravó al tanto que ella no conoció más a sus propios hijos" "El 29 de Diciembre del 2009 Fué admitida en el Hospital Parkland de Dallas por demencia de acuerdo a los síntomas de presentaba, Mujer de 38 años presentó 14 meses de una estado mental progresivo y alterado, con debilidad general, temblor, inhabilidad para caminar, para hablar, con pérdida de apetito e incontinencia de esfinteres. Ella empezó a olvidar los nombres de las personas que la rodeaban, datos importantes personales, también presentó algunos cambios de personalidad como incremento de agresión.Para el mes de Marzo del 2008 ella empezó a mostrar debilidad en las piernas, durante los siguientes meses su estado mental se agravó al tanto que ella no conoció más a sus propios hijos (6 hijos), ella cada vez comia menos, cada vez perdia más peso.Para el tiempo que ella arrivo a Dallas para la navidad del 2009 ella no caminaba en lo absoluto, no hablaba solo hacia sonidos agresivos cuando alguien se acercaba a ella, el temblor en sus manos empezó a ser más fuerte, sus manos solo tenian posición de sostener algo fuerte, ella siempre... Read more... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.recordandoalinda.com/%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.recordandoalinda.com/ </a>;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> "...padeció durante un año de CJD Esporádico, Falleció a la edad de 38 años en la ciudad de Mesquite Texas un 6 de Febrero del año 2010"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Irma Linda Martinez nació en el pueblo de Batesville Texas un 17 de mayo de 1971, padeció durante un año de CJD Esporádico (mal de la vaca loca conocido en español) Falleció a la edad de 38 años en la ciudad de Mesquite Texas un 6 de Febrero del año 2010.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A continuación describiremos datos de su padecimiento:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Se casó a la edad de 16 años con Everardo Andablo (Lalo) ella residió en Lexington Nebraska, desde ese entonces, trabajó aproximadamente 11 años en una compañia de matanza de vacas y procesadora de carne (Tyson) ella trabajaba en el rastro o el área de matanza, para el 2008 ella trabajaba como agente de seguridad para esta misma compañia, para ese entonces ella empezó a presentar cambios en su vida, su próximo trabajo fue en Subway dentro de una tienda comercial, donde los cambios de salud empezaron a ser muy notorios pues empezó a perder mucho peso, de 237 L de su peso normal empezó perdiendo 24 L en menos de un mes, esto era sorprendente!!! fué entonces cuando dejó el trabajo en febrero del 2009, de repente empezó a olvidar datos importantes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">La siguiente información es una traducción pertenece al comunicado que el equipo de neurologia del hospital Parkland en la ciudad de Dallas Texas liberó a su salida, después de haber estado internada del 29 de diciembre del 2009 a enero 20 del 2010, en este comunicado se encuentra el historial tanto médico como de sintomas presentados en Linda:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Physician Discharge Summary : (traducido y adaptado)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"...Mujer de 38 años presento 10 meses de una estado mental progresivo y alterado, con debilidad general, temblor, inhabilidad para caminar, para hablar, con pérdida de apetito e incontinencia de esfínteres, ella empezó a mostrar debilidad en las piernas, durante los siguientes meses su estado mental se agravó al tanto que ella no conoció más a sus propios hijos"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"El 29 de Diciembre del 2009 Fué admitida en el Hospital Parkland de Dallas por demencia de acuerdo a los síntomas de presentaba, Mujer de 38 años presentó 14 meses de una estado mental progresivo y alterado, con debilidad general, temblor, inhabilidad para caminar, para hablar, con pérdida de apetito e incontinencia de esfinteres. Ella empezó a olvidar los nombres de las personas que la rodeaban, datos importantes personales, también presentó algunos cambios de personalidad como incremento de agresión.Para el mes de Marzo del 2008 ella empezó a mostrar debilidad en las piernas, durante los siguientes meses su estado mental se agravó al tanto que ella no conoció más a sus propios hijos (6 hijos), ella cada vez comia menos, cada vez perdia más peso.Para el tiempo que ella arrivo a Dallas para la navidad del 2009 ella no caminaba en lo absoluto, no hablaba solo hacia sonidos agresivos cuando alguien se acercaba a ella, el temblor en sus manos empezó a ser más fuerte, sus manos solo tenian posición de sostener algo fuerte, ella siempre portaba pelotas pequeñas para que no se lastimara con sus propias uñas"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">En terminos Médicos ella prensento un desorden mental con ansiedad y pérdida del habla y contracciones en los musculos que la inmobilizaba. Esto llevo a los médicos a predecir el diagnostico de CJD esporádico o variante, después de reuniones familiares se llego al acuerdo de no proseguir con los exámenes indicados como una biopsia cerebral debido al estado de debilidad y gravedad de ella, pues peligraba su vida y por consiguiente peligraban los médicos que le aplicarian el exámen ya que es demasiado contagioso.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ella fué dada de alta con el diagnostico de CJD Esporádico, sin medicamento y con pocas esperanzas y semanas de vida. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2:frontpage&catid=1:frontpage%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.recordandoalinda.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2:frontpage&catid=1:frontpage </a>;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">please see full text ; </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, March 29, 2010 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Irma Linda Andablo CJD Victim, she died at 38 years old on February 6, 2010 in Mesquite Texas </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/03/irma-linda-andablo-cjd-victim-she-died.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/03/irma-linda-andablo-cjd-victim-she-died.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, APRIL 5, 2010 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">UPDATE - CJD TEXAS 38 YEAR OLD FEMALE WORKED SLAUGHTERING CATTLE EXPOSED TO BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MATTER</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-cjd-texas-38-year-old-female.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2010/04/update-cjd-texas-38-year-old-female.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, July 11, 2010</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CJD or prion disease 2 CASES McLennan County Texas population 230,213 both cases in their 40s</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cjd-2-cases-mclennan-county-texas.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/07/cjd-2-cases-mclennan-county-texas.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2009 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Texas Data for Reporting Years 2000-2008</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2009/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-surveillance.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2009/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-surveillance.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2010/03/cjd-texas-38-year-old-female-worked.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JULY 21, 2008 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Officials await tests on man for human Mad Cow Disease (Texas)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">don't these dummies know by now that the USA does not have any mad cow disease and or any human cjd ramifications from a mad cow, cause the USDA says so... NOT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">there has been a decade old, systematic cover-up of corporate homicide just because of trade, futures and commodities. the elderly demented, your grandma and grandpa, mom and dad, sisters and brothers, are all expendable, due to the fact the American joe-cue-public is just to damn lazy to care. the elderly and demented are expendable. but mark my word here and now, it's here, and has been, call it what you like..... </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2008/07/officials-await-tests-on-man-for-human.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2008/07/officials-await-tests-on-man-for-human.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2008 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Amarillo-area (suspect sporadic CJD) case linked to mad cow disease Rumor in Texas</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2008/11/amarillo-area-suspect-sporadic-cjd-case.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2008/11/amarillo-area-suspect-sporadic-cjd-case.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2007 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance in Texas 2000-2006</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2007/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-surveillance.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2007/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-surveillance.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2017/07/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2017/07/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 3, 2014 </span></span></div>
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Confirmed Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (variant CJD) Case in Texas in June 2014 confirmed as USA case NOT European Sunday, November 23, 2014</div>
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Confirmed Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (variant CJD) Case in Texas in June 2014 confirmed as USA case NOT European</div>
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The completed investigation did not support the patient's having had extended travel to European countries, including the United Kingdom, or travel to Saudi Arabia. The specific overseas country where this patient’s infection occurred is less clear largely because the investigation did not definitely link him to a country where other known vCJD cases likely had been infected.</div>
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<a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2014/11/confirmed-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2014/11/confirmed-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2015/04/vcjd-texas-cdc-emerging-infectious.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2015/04/vcjd-texas-cdc-emerging-infectious.html</a></div>
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UPDATED TODAY WITH OLD HISTORY OF ANOTHER NVCJD CASE IN TEXAS IN 2005, AND PLEASE SEE HISTORY OF MAD COW CASES IN TEXAS THAT WAS COVERED UP BELOW TOWARD THE BOTTOM HERE, AND THE BANNED MAD COW FEED THAT WAS FED TO THEM...TSS</div>
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here is another record of a poor soul from Texas, that lived here for four years, and evidently never ate anything, just drank beer. odd how in Texas, you get these damn Brits with nvCJD, that come over to Texas and all they do is drink beer, and never eat, absolutely impossible to catch mad cow disease here in the USA, because it’s not here, and these Britts come here and never eat anything. what’s up with that. yet there are other strange cases of human TSE prion disease in Texas, the very young, long duration of illness till death, (see odd cases in original link post, and the cases of mad cow disease covered up in Texas, and the massive amount of banned mad cow feed, and what Texas claimed was o.k. i.e. 5.5 grams, because the steers were 600 lbs (more BSeee), see towards the bottom of original link. odd, back then when reported on nvCJD cases, you got the age, and extent of travel, diet, what not, but this June 2014 Texas human BSE vCJD case, not much information, just the same old BSeee, yada, yada, yada. ...tss</div>
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Date: 12/9/05 </div>
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Texas Briton has vCJD Although likely infected in UK, case deemed U.S. </div>
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HOUSTON (AP)--A Briton who lived in Houston for four years has been diagnosed with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the human form of bovine spongiform encephlopathy, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control said. </div>
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The 30-year-old man was diagnosed with the second U.S. case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease because his symptoms began while he lived in Houston, the CDC said Nov. 21. </div>
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Earlier this year, the man, who was not identified, returned to Britain, where his disease progressed and he is now receiving medical treatment for the fatal illness. </div>
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The U.K. National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland, informed the Atlanta-based CDC of the probable variant CJD diagnosis, and told the U.S. disease center that the case would need to be reported as a U.S. case since the symptoms appeared when he lived in Texas. </div>
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The man was born in the United Kingdom and lived there from 1980-1996, a period during which those living in the country were at risk of exposure to beef products infected with BSE. </div>
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The CDC said it was unlikely that he contracted the disease in the United States because his stay in the Texas was deemed "too brief relative to what is known about the incubation period for variant CJD," the CDC said. It is believed he was infected in the United Kingdom because the disease's incubation period can last years, sometimes decades. </div>
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"He lived in the United Kingdom for the whole time they had a problem," Lawrence B. Schonberger, a CDC medical epidemiologist, said. "Almost certainly, this case represents a continuation of the outbreak that is going on in the United Kingdom and it is just by convention that he happened to have gotten sick here." </div>
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The variant disease, which is contracted by eating the brain or other nervous system tissue of an animal infected with BSE, first was discovered in 1996 in the United Kingdom. It typically ends in death within a few years of diagnosis. </div>
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The man was not hospitalized while living in Houston and had not undergone any invasive medical procedures or received donated blood, the CDC said. </div>
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A total of 185 people from 11 countries have been diagnosed with variant CJD since 1996. A majority of the cases--158--have been diagnosed in Great Britain, while there have been 15 in France, three in Ireland and two in the United States. Canada, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, Saudi Arabia and Spain have each also reported a case. </div>
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The first U.S. case involved a woman from Britain who was living in Florida. She died last year, Schonberger said. </div>
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CDC spokesman David Daigle said there is no connection between the Briton's diagnosis with variant CJD and the presence of BSE found in a Texas cow earlier this year. </div>
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The 12-year-old Brahma-cross beef cow, which was born in Texas, was the first time a native-born case of the disease was discovered in the United States. The animal, which died in April on the farm where it lived, did not enter the human food or animal feed supply chain.</div>
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Date: 12/9/05 </div>
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<a href="http://www.hpj.com/archives/2005/dec05/dec19/TexasBritonhasvCJD.cfm#.U48y9cJOWt8" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.hpj.com/archives/2005/dec05/dec19/TexasBritonhasvCJD.cfm#.U48y9cJOWt8</a></div>
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see cdc report here ;</div>
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The second patient resided in Texas during 2001-2005. Symptoms began in early 2005 while the patient was in Texas. He then returned to the United Kingdom, where his illness progressed, and a diagnosis of variant CJD was made. The diagnosis was confirmed neuropathologically at the time of the patient's death. While living in the United States, the patient had no history of hospitalization, of having invasive medical procedures, or of donation or receipt of blood and blood products. The patient almost certainly acquired the disease in the United Kingdom. He was born in the United Kingdom and lived there throughout the defined period of risk (1980-1996) for human exposure to the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly known as "mad cow" disease). His stay in the United States was too brief relative to what is known about the incubation period for variant CJD. ...</div>
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see the other USA nvCJD cases here ;</div>
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<a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/factsheet_nvcjd.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/vcjd/factsheet_nvcjd.htm</a> </div>
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<a href="http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** remember what deep throat told me long ago ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DEEP THROAT TO TSS 2000-2001 (take these old snips of emails with how ever many grains of salt you wish. ...tss)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The most frightening thing I have read all day is the report of Gambetti's finding of a new strain of sporadic cjd in young people...Dear God, what in the name of all that is holy is that!!! If the US has different strains of scrapie.....why????than the UK...then would the same mechanisms that make different strains of scrapie here make different strains of BSE...if the patterns are different in sheep and mice for scrapie.....could not the BSE be different in the cattle, in the mink, in the humans.......</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">I really think the slides or tissues and everything from these young people with the new strain of sporadic cjd should be put up to be analyzed by many, many experts in cjd........bse.....scrapie </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Scrape the damn slide and put it into mice.....wait.....chop up the mouse brain and and spinal cord........put into some more mice.....dammit amplify the thing and start the damned research.....This is NOT rocket science...we need to use what we know and get off our butts and move....the whining about how long everything takes.....well it takes a whole lot longer if you whine for a year and then start the research!!! </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Not sure where I read this but it was a recent press release or something like that: I thought I would fall out of my chair when I read about how there was no worry about infectivity from a histopath slide or tissues because they are preserved in formic acid, or formalin or formaldehyde.....for God's sake........ Ask any pathologist in the UK what the brain tissues in the formalin looks like after a year.......it is a big fat sponge...the agent continues to eat the brain ......you can't make slides anymore because the agent has never stopped........and the old slides that are stained with Hemolysin and Eosin......they get holier and holier and degenerate and continue...what you looked at 6 months ago is not there........Gambetti better be photographing every damned thing he is looking at.....</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Okay, you need to know. You don't need to pass it on as nothing will come of it and there is not a damned thing anyone can do about it. Don't even hint at it as it will be denied and laughed at.......... USDA is gonna do as little as possible until there is actually a human case in the USA of the nvcjd........if you want to move this thing along and shake the earth....then we gotta get the victims families to make sure whoever is doing the autopsy is credible, trustworthy, and a saint with the courage of Joan of Arc........I am not kidding!!!! so, unless we get a human death from EXACTLY the same form with EXACTLY the same histopath lesions as seen in the UK nvcjd........forget any action........it is ALL gonna be sporadic!!!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">And, if there is a case.......there is gonna be every effort to link it to international travel, international food, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. They will go so far as to find out if a sex partner had ever traveled to the UK/europe, etc. etc. .... It is gonna be a long, lonely, dangerous twisted journey to the truth. They have all the cards, all the money, and are willing to threaten and carry out those threats....and this may be their biggest downfall...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thanks as always for your help. (Recently had a very startling revelation from a rather senior person in government here..........knocked me out of my chair........you must keep pushing. If I was a power person....I would be demanding that there be a least a million bovine tested as soon as possible and agressively seeking this disease. The big players are coming out of the woodwork as there is money to be made!!! In short: "FIRE AT WILL"!!! for the very dumb....who's "will"! "Will be the burden to bare if there is any coverup!"</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">again it was said years ago and it should be taken seriously....BSE will NEVER be found in the US! As for the BSE conference call...I think you did a great service to freedom of information and making some people feign integrity...I find it scary to see that most of the "experts" are employed by the federal government or are supported on the "teat" of federal funds. A scary picture! I hope there is a confidential panel organized by the new government to really investigate this thing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">You need to watch your back........but keep picking at them.......like a buzzard to the bone...you just may get to the truth!!! (You probably have more support than you know. Too many people are afraid to show you or let anyone else know. I have heard a few things myself... you ask the questions that everyone else is too afraid to ask.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">END...TSS </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div>
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***2018***</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Cervid to human prion transmission </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Kong, Qingzhong </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">We hypothesize that: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Public Health Relevance</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">NIH 2015 R01 NS Cervid to human prion transmission Kong, Qingzhong / Case Western Reserve University $337,507</span></div>
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<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">ZOONOTIC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">here is the latest;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Hermann M. Schatzl, Samia Hannaoui, Yo-Ching Cheng, Sabine Gilch (Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada) Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Walter Schulz-Schaeffer (University of Homburg/Saar, Germany), Christiane Stahl-Hennig (German Primate Center) & Stefanie Czub (CFIA Lethbridge). To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were detected in spinal cord and brain of some euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and pre-clinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <*** </span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">READING OVER THE PRION 2018 ABSTRACT BOOK, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">LOOKS LIKE THEY FOUND THAT from this study ; </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1) (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">SEEMS THAT THEY FOUND Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">AND ANOTHER STUDY; </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2) (1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">IN THIS STUDY, THERE WERE autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">included 104 patients. SEEMS THEY FOUND THAT The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%), </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">THAT The Majority of cases were male (60%), AND half of them had exposure to wild game. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see more on Prion 2017 Macaque study from Prion 2017 Conference and other updated science on cwd tse prion zoonosis below...terry </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a> </span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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***> Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Marcelo A. Barria</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell) M. A. Barria et al. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ABSTRACT </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Molecular Barriers to Zoonotic Transmission of Prions </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Marcelo A. Barria, Aru Balachandran, Masanori Morita, Tetsuyuki Kitamoto, Rona Barron, Jean Manson, Richard Knight, James W. Ironside, and Mark W. Headcorresponding author </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The conversion of human PrPC by CWD brain homogenate in PMCA reactions was less efficient when the amino acid at position 129 was valine rather than methionine. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">However, we can say with confidence that under the conditions used here, none of the animal isolates tested were as efficient as C-type BSE in converting human PrPC, which is reassuring. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Less reassuring is the finding that there is no absolute barrier to the conversion of human PrPC by CWD prions in a protocol using a single round of PMCA and an entirely human substrate prepared from the target organ of prion diseases, the brain. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884726/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3884726/</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD 2017 PRION CONFERENCE </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">C</span></span>hallenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: PRION 2017 CONFERENCE </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VIDEO PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** PRION 2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vtt1kAVDhDQ%20http://prion2017.org/programme/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vtt1kAVDhDQ http://prion2017.org/programme/</a> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.cste2.org/Webinars/files/CWD_Slides_FINAL.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.cste2.org/Webinars/files/CWD_Slides_FINAL.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">10. ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION AKA MAD DEER ELK DISEASE IN HUMANS, has it already happened, that should be the question... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">First published: 17 January 2018 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a> ; </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">also, see; </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The tissue distribution of infectivity in CWD‐infected cervids is now known to extend beyond CNS and lymphoid tissues. While the removal of these specific tissues from the food chain would reduce human dietary exposure to infectivity, exclusion from the food chain of the whole carcass of any infected animal would be required to eliminate human dietary exposure. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary..wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary..wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">zoonosis zoonotic cervid tse prion cwd to humans, preparing for the storm </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***An alternative to modeling the species barrier is the cell-free conversion assay which points to CWD as the animal prion disease with the greatest zoonotic potential, after (and very much less than) BSE..116*** </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29237" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29237</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> To date there is no direct evidence that CWD has been or can be transmitted from animals to humans. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">However, initial findings from a laboratory research project funded by the Alberta Prion Research Institute (APRI) and Alberta Livestock Meat Agency (ALMA), and led by a Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) scientist indicate that CWD has been transmitted to cynomolgus macaques (the non-human primate species most closely related to humans that may be used in research), through both the intracranial and oral routes of exposure. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Both infected brain and muscle tissues were found to transmit disease. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Health Canada’s Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) was asked to consider the impact of these findings on the Branch’s current position on CWD in health products and foods. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Summary and Recommendation: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Health Portfolio partners were recently made aware of initial findings from a research project led by a CFIA scientist that have demonstrated that cynomolgus macaques can be infected via intracranial exposure and oral gavage with CWD infected muscle. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">These findings suggest that CWD, under specific experimental conditions, has the potential to cross the human species barrier, including by enteral feeding of CWD infected muscle. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.thetyee.ca/Documents/2017/06/24/Risk-Advisory-Opinion-CWD-2017.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.thetyee.ca/Documents/2017/06/24/Risk-Advisory-Opinion-CWD-2017.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** WDA 2016 NEW YORK *** </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We found that CWD adapts to a new host more readily than BSE and that human PrP was unexpectedly prone to misfolding by CWD prions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In addition, we investigated the role of specific regions of the bovine, deer and human PrP protein in resistance to conversion by prions from another species. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***We have concluded that the human protein has a region that confers unusual susceptibility to conversion by CWD prions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Student Presentations Session 2 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The species barriers and public health threat of CWD and BSE prions </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ms. Kristen Davenport1, Dr. Davin Henderson1, Dr. Candace Mathiason1, Dr. Edward Hoover1 1Colorado State University </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through cervid populations in the USA. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease) arose in the 1980s because cattle were fed recycled animal protein. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">These and other prion diseases are caused by abnormal folding of the normal prion protein (PrP) into a disease causing form (PrPd), which is pathogenic to nervous system cells and can cause subsequent PrP to misfold. CWD spreads among cervids very efficiently, but it has not yet infected humans. On the other hand, BSE was spread only when cattle consumed infected bovine or ovine tissue, but did infect humans and other species. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The objective of this research is to understand the role of PrP structure in cross-species infection by CWD and BSE. To study the propensity of each species’ PrP to be induced to misfold by the presence of PrPd from verious species, we have used an in vitro system that permits detection of PrPd in real-time. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We measured the conversion efficiency of various combinations of PrPd seeds and PrP substrate combinations. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We observed the cross-species behavior of CWD and BSE, in addition to feline-adapted CWD and BSE. We found that CWD adapts to a new host more readily than BSE and that human PrP was unexpectedly prone to misfolding by CWD prions. In addition, we investigated the role of specific regions of the bovine, deer and human PrP protein in resistance to conversion by prions from another species. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***We have concluded that the human protein has a region that confers unusual susceptibility to conversion by CWD prions. CWD is unique among prion diseases in its rapid spread in natural populations. BSE prions are essentially unaltered upon passage to a new species, while CWD adapts to the new species. This adaptation has consequences for surveillance of humans exposed to CWD. Wildlife Disease Risk Communication Research Contributes to Wildlife Trust Administration Exploring perceptions about chronic wasting disease risks among wildlife and agriculture professionals and stakeholders </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.wda2016.org/uploads/5/8/6/1/58613359/wda_2016_conference_proceedings_low_res.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.wda2016.org/uploads/5/8/6/1/58613359/wda_2016_conference_proceedings_low_res.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2017 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/cdc-now-recommends-strongly-consider.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/cdc-now-recommends-strongly-consider.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 27, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE REPORT USA JANUARY 2018</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/cdc-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/01/cdc-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: CDC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE REPORT USA JANUARY 2018</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION IS THE USA AND NORTH AMERICA'S MAD COW DISEASE. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THE USDA INC ET AL WORKED VERY HARD CONCEALING BSE TSE PRION IN CATTLE. they almost succeeded $$$</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BUT CWD TSE PRION IN CERVIDS IS A DIFFERENT BEAST, THE COVER UP THERE, USDA INC COULD NOT CONTAIN.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SPORADIC CJD IS 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SPORADIC CJD HAS NOW BEEN LINKED TO TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL BSE, SCRAPIE, AND CWD.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SPORADIC/SPONTANEOUS TSE HAS NEVER BEEN PROVEN.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.*** </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.nature..com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature..com/articles/srep11573</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC CWD TSE PRION UPDATE USA JANUARY 2018</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">As of January 2018, CWD in free-ranging deer, elk and/or moose has been reported in at least 22 states in the continental United States, as well as two provinces in Canada. In addition, CWD has been reported in reindeer and moose in Norway, and a small number of imported cases have been reported in South Korea. The disease has also been found in farmed deer and elk. CWD was first identified in captive deer in the late 1960s in Colorado and in wild deer in 1981. By the 1990s, it had been reported in surrounding areas in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming. Since 2000, the area known to be affected by CWD in free-ranging animals has increased to at least 22 states, including states in the Midwest, Southwest, and limited areas on the East Coast.. It is possible that CWD may also occur in other states without strong animal surveillance systems, but that cases haven’t been detected yet. Once CWD is established in an area, the risk can remain for a long time in the environment. The affected areas are likely to continue to expand. Nationwide, the overall occurrence of CWD in free-ranging deer and elk is relatively low. However, in several locations where the disease is established, infection rates may exceed 10 percent (1 in 10), and localized infection rates of more than 25 percent (1 in 4) have been reported. The infection rates among some captive deer can be much higher, with a rate of 79% (nearly 4 in 5) reported from at least one captive herd. As of January 2018, there were 186 counties in 22 states with reported CWD in free-ranging cervids... </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic Wasting Disease Among Free-Ranging Cervids by County, United States, January 2018 </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/occurrence.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/occurrence.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** 2017-2018 CWD TSE Prion UPDATE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/occurrence.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/occurrence.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission Studies</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">From: TSS (216-119-163-189.ipset45.wt.net)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Sir/Madam,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">-----Original Message-----</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip... full text ; </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SEE; Travel History, Hunting, and Venison Consumption Related to Prion Disease Exposure, 2006-2007 FoodNet Population Survey</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, May 23, 2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC Assesses Potential Human Exposure to Prion Diseases Travel Warning</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Public release date: 23-May-2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Contact: Francesca Costanzo <a href="mailto:adajmedia@elsevier.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">adajmedia@elsevier.com</a> 215-239-3249 Elsevier Health Sciences</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC assesses potential human exposure to prion diseases Study results reported in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association</span></span></div>
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Philadelphia, PA, May 23, 2011 – Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have examined the potential for human exposure to prion diseases, looking at hunting, venison consumption, and travel to areas in which prion diseases have been reported in animals. Three prion diseases in particular – bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or “Mad Cow Disease”), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), and chronic wasting disease (CWD) – were specified in the investigation. The results of this investigation are published in the June issue of the Journal of the American Dietetic Association.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">“While prion diseases are rare, they are generally fatal for anyone who becomes infected. More than anything else, the results of this study support the need for continued surveillance of prion diseases,” commented lead investigator Joseph Y. Abrams, MPH, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta.”But it’s also important that people know the facts about these diseases, especially since this study shows that a good number of people have participated in activities that may expose them to infection-causing agents.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Although rare, human prion diseases such as CJD may be related to BSE. Prion (proteinaceous infectious particles) diseases are a group of rare brain diseases that affect humans and animals. When a person gets a prion disease, brain function is impaired. This causes memory and personality changes, dementia, and problems with movement. All of these worsen over time. These diseases are invariably fatal. Since these diseases may take years to manifest, knowing the extent of human exposure to possible prion diseases could become important in the event of an outbreak.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC investigators evaluated the results of the 2006-2007 population survey conducted by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). This survey collects information on food consumption practices, health outcomes, and demographic characteristics of residents of the participating Emerging Infections Program sites. The survey was conducted in Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, and Tennessee, as well as five counties in the San Francisco Bay area, seven counties in the Greater Denver area, and 34 counties in western and northeastern New York.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Survey participants were asked about behaviors that could be associated with exposure to the agents causing BSE and CWD, including travel to the nine countries considered to be BSE-endemic (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, France, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain) and the cumulative length of stay in each of those countries. Respondents were asked if they ever had hunted for deer or elk, and if that hunting had taken place in areas considered to be CWD-endemic (northeastern Colorado, southeastern Wyoming or southwestern Nebraska). They were also asked if they had ever consumed venison, the frequency of consumption, and whether the meat came from the wild.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The proportion of survey respondents who reported travel to at least one of the nine BSE endemic countries since 1980 was 29.5%. Travel to the United Kingdom was reported by 19.4% of respondents, higher than to any other BSE-endemic country. Among those who traveled, the median duration of travel to the United Kingdom (14 days) was longer than that of any other BSE-endemic country.. Travelers to the UK were more likely to have spent at least 30 days in the country (24.9%) compared to travelers to any other BSE endemic country. The prevalence and extent of travel to the UK indicate that health concerns in the UK may also become issues for US residents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The proportion of survey respondents reporting having hunted for deer or elk was 18.5% and 1.2% reported having hunted for deer or elk in CWD-endemic areas. Venison consumption was reported by 67.4% of FoodNet respondents, and 88.6% of those reporting venison consumption had obtained all of their meat from the wild. These findings reinforce the importance of CWD surveillance and control programs for wild deer and elk to reduce human exposure to the CWD agent. Hunters in CWD-endemic areas are advised to take simple precautions such as: avoiding consuming meat from sickly deer or elk, avoiding consuming brain or spinal cord tissues, minimizing the handling of brain and spinal cord tissues, and wearing gloves when field-dressing carcasses.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">According to Abrams, “The 2006-2007 FoodNet population survey provides useful information should foodborne prion infection become an increasing public health concern in the future. The data presented describe the prevalence of important behaviors and their associations with demographic characteristics. Surveillance of BSE, CWD, and human prion diseases are critical aspects of addressing the burden of these diseases in animal populations and how that may relate to human health.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The article is “Travel history, hunting, and venison consumption related to prion disease exposure, 2006-2007 FoodNet population survey” by Joseph Y. Abrams, MPH; Ryan A. Maddox, MPH; Alexis R Harvey, MPH; Lawrence B. Schonberger, MD; and Ermias D. Belay, MD. It appears in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Volume 111, Issue 6 (June 2011) published by Elsevier.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In an accompanying podcast CDC’s Joseph Y. Abrams discusses travel, hunting, and eating venison in relation to prion diseases. It is available at <a href="http://adajournal.org/content/podcast.%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://adajournal.org/content/podcast. </a>;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-05/ehs-cap051811.php" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-05/ehs-cap051811.php</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, May 26, 2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Travel History, Hunting, and Venison Consumption Related to Prion Disease Exposure, 2006-2007 FoodNet Population Survey</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Journal of the American Dietetic Association Volume 111, Issue 6 , Pages 858-863, June 2011.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Travel History, Hunting, and Venison Consumption Related to Prion Disease Exposure, 2006-2007 FoodNet Population Survey</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Joseph Y. Abrams, MPH, Ryan A. Maddox, MPH , Alexis R. Harvey, MPH , Lawrence B. Schonberger, MD , Ermias D. Belay, MD</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Accepted 15 November 2010. Abstract Full Text PDF References .</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to human beings and the spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) among cervids have prompted concerns about zoonotic transmission of prion diseases. Travel to the United Kingdom and other European countries, hunting for deer or elk, and venison consumption could result in the exposure of US residents to the agents that cause BSE and CWD. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network 2006-2007 population survey was used to assess the prevalence of these behaviors among residents of 10 catchment areas across the United States. Of 17,372 survey respondents, 19.4% reported travel to the United Kingdom since 1980, and 29.5% reported travel to any of the nine European countries considered to be BSE-endemic since 1980. The proportion of respondents who had ever hunted deer or elk was 18.5%, and 1.2% had hunted deer or elk in a CWD–endemic area. More than two thirds (67.4%) reported having ever eaten deer or elk meat. Respondents who traveled spent more time in the United Kingdom (median 14 days) than in any other BSE-endemic country. Of the 11,635 respondents who had consumed venison, 59.8% ate venison at most one to two times during their year of highest consumption, and 88.6% had obtained all of their meat from the wild. The survey results were useful in determining the prevalence and frequency of behaviors that could be important factors for foodborne prion transmission. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.adajournal.org/article/S0002-8223(11)00278-1/abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.adajournal.org/article/S0002-8223(11)00278-1/abstract</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> PLUS, THE CDC DID NOT PUT THIS WARNING OUT FOR THE WELL BEING OF THE DEER AND ELK ; </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, May 26, 2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Travel History, Hunting, and Venison Consumption Related to Prion Disease Exposure, 2006-2007 FoodNet Population Survey</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Journal of the American Dietetic Association Volume 111, Issue 6 , Pages 858-863, June 2011. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/05/travel-history-hunting-and-venison.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/05/travel-history-hunting-and-venison.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">NOR IS THE FDA recalling this CWD positive elk meat for the well being of the dead elk ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wednesday, March 18, 2009</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Noah's Ark Holding, LLC, Dawson, MN RECALL Elk products contain meat derived from an elk confirmed to have CWD NV, CA, TX, CO, NY, UT, FL, OK RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: FOODS CLASS II </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/noahs-ark-holding-llc-dawson-mn-recall.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/noahs-ark-holding-llc-dawson-mn-recall.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Spongiform Encephalopathy in Captive Wild ZOO BSE INQUIRY </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001201/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab03.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001201/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab03.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> BSE INQUIRY</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CJD9/10022</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">October 1994</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The statistical results reqarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). ***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). ***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). ***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02)..</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see full report ; </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126073306/http://collections..europarchive..org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/2</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126073306/http://collections..europarchive..org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">0170126073306/http://collections..europarchive..org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Taylor & Francis</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">R. BRADLEY</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Singeltary on Scrapie and human transmission way back, see;</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.mad-cow..org/UKCJD/CJD_news52.html#29%20Mar%2001%20-%20CJD%20-%20Suspect%20symptoms" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.mad-cow..org/UKCJD/CJD_news52.html#29%20Mar%2001%20-%20CJD%20-%20Suspect%20symptoms</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in 2017</span></div>
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<a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update</span></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, BSE, Scrapie, CWD, TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, December 9, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Variable Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy Transmission to Bank Voles CDC Volume 25, Number 1—January 2019</span></div>
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<a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2018/12/variable-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2018/12/variable-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, BSE, Scrapie, CWD, TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, December 9, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Variable Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy Transmission to Bank Voles CDC Volume 25, Number 1—January 2019</span></div>
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<a href="https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2018/12/variable-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vpspr.blogspot.com/2018/12/variable-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined to December 14, 2017</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-national.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-national.html</a></span></span></div>
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***> 8The sporadic cases include 3455 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">62 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">33 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2018-06/Web-Table-2018_05_01.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/sites/case.edu.pathology/files/2018-06/Web-Table-2018_05_01.pdf</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, JULY 31, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 1.22em;">USA CJD TSE Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined May 1, 2018</span><br />
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<a href="http://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2018/07/usa-cjd-tse-tables-of-cases-examined.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2018/07/usa-cjd-tse-tables-of-cases-examined.html</a><span style="font-family: "georgia"; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ (September 18, 2018)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tuesday, March 20, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr), sporadic creutzfeldt jakob disease sCJD, the same disease, what if?</span></div>
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<a href="http://vpspr.blogspot.com/2018/03/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://vpspr.blogspot.com/2018/03/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 21, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Surveillance for variant CJD: should more children with neurodegenerative diseases have autopsies? Singeltary Review</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/surveillance-for-variant-cjd-should.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/surveillance-for-variant-cjd-should.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, September 16, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Mother to Offspring Transmission of TSE PRION DISEASE and risk factors there from </span></div>
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<a href="http://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/mother-to-offspring-transmission-of-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/mother-to-offspring-transmission-of-tse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">PRICE OF TSE PRION POKER GOES UP spectrum of human prion diseases may extend the current field and may notably include spinal cord diseases </span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/price-of-tse-prion-poker-goes-up.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/price-of-tse-prion-poker-goes-up.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 06, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Evaluation of iatrogenic risk of CJD transmission associated with corneal transplantation</span></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/evaluation-of-iatrogenic-risk-of-cjd.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/evaluation-of-iatrogenic-risk-of-cjd.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Emerging Diseases, Infection Control & California Dental Practice Act</span></div>
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<a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/09/emerging-diseases-infection-control.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/09/emerging-diseases-infection-control.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Case Western Reserve researchers to examine skin prions in fatal neurodegenerative disease $2.9 million NIH grant focuses on transmission and diagnostic testing</span></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/case-western-reserve-researchers-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/case-western-reserve-researchers-to.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 04, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE: GUIDELINES FOR SOCIAL WORKERS IN ENGLAND June 2018</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-guidelines.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-guidelines.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, JUNE 18, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Ecuador Six Case series of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a third-level hospital in Quito</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/06/ecuador-six-case-series-of-creutzfeldt..html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/06/ecuador-six-case-series-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 06, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Experimental transfusion of variant CJD-infected blood reveals previously uncharacterised prion disorder in mice and macaque</span></div>
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***> ''On secondary and tertiary transmissions, however, the proportion of PrPres positive animals gradually increased to almost 100%. Recent communications suggest that a similar situation might exist in other models of experimental exposure to prions involving swine32 and cattle33. '' </div>
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***> ''Experimental transfusion of variant CJD-infected blood reveals previously uncharacterised prion disorder in mice and macaque''</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/11/experimental-transfusion-of-variant-cjd.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/11/experimental-transfusion-of-variant-cjd.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">SATURDAY, DECEMBER 02, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Public health risks from subclinical variant CJD</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/12/public-health-risks-from-subclinical.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/12/public-health-risks-from-subclinical.html</a></span></div>
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MONDAY, OCTOBER 02, 2017 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease United States of America USA and United Kingdom UK Increasing and Zoonotic Pontential From Different Species</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #403838; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="color: #403838; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States revisited 2017</span></div>
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<span style="color: #403838; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Singeltary et al</span></div>
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<span style="color: #403838; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Bethesda, MD 20892. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006664?dopt=Abstract</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC Eyes of CJD patients show evidence of prions concerns for iatrogenic transmission </span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/cdc-eyes-of-cjd-patients-show-evidence.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/cdc-eyes-of-cjd-patients-show-evidence.html</a></div>
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***> prepare for the storm...</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 03, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Prion Seeds Distribute throughout the Eyes of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/prion-seeds-distribute-throughout-eyes.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/prion-seeds-distribute-throughout-eyes.html</a></div>
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Singeltary 1999</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> ***> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">THE EYES HAVE IT, CJD, AND THEY COULD BE STEALING THEM FROM YOUR LOVED ONE!...year 1999</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">i said that 20 years ago about this very thing. but did anyone listen...no!</span></div>
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prepare for the storm...terry</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: RE-The Eyes Have It (cjd) and they could be stealing them from your loved one... "pay back time" </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Sat, 16 Sep 2000 10:04:26 -0700 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">######### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #########</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Greetings List Members,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">I hate to keep kicking a madcow, but this still is very disturbing to me. Not only for the recipient of the cornea's, but as well, for the people whom would be operated on, using the same tools that were used to put those stolen cornea's in the recipient with. No history of this donor or his family (re-ffi), or anything would be known, using stolen organs and or tissue's. I just think this is not only wrong, but very dangerous to a great many other people, as this is one of the most infectious tissues of TSE's. It seems that this practice of stealing organ/tissue happens more than we think. Anyway, the family of the victim which had their cornea's stolen, are now suing. In the example I used with my Mother, if 3 months before, she would have been in a catastrophic accident (car wreck, whatever), no autopsy (for whatever reason), no family (for whatever reason), she lay in the morgue, and after 4 hours, they come steal the cornea's, lot of people could have been infected, just because of lack of medical history of donor/family. It may be hypothetical, but very real. We need to stop the spread of this disease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">kind regards, Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">===========================================</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Previous story--</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Cadaver corneal transplants -- without family permission...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Cadaver corneal transplants -- without family permission Houston, Texas channel 11 news 28 Nov 99</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Reported by Terry S. Singeltary Sr.son of CJD victim</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"It was a story about how the Lions eye bank were harvesting corneas from victims in the Morgue, without their consent. Under Texas law, this appears to be legal (remember Texas has the Veggie liable law). Even if Family says no, this appears to happen, from what the news story said.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">They said the only way to prevent this, is to fill out a form, stating not to have this done. So if you don't fill out the form, they can do this. How many people don't know about the form? </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> This is not only disgusting and appalling, it could be highly infectious. Without proper background checking of the donors, on their physical history, checking on past dementia, and/or family history, some of these unfortunate victims, could be passing a human TSE. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Response Jill Spitler Clevelland Eye Bank: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> "No, we are not stealing..........Yes, you do have such a law in the state of Texas, but not all your state Eye Banks utilize the law. The Eye Bank that you're speaking of is only one of 43 certified Eye Bank throughout the USA. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> And there are measure taken per the Medical Standards of the Eye Bank Association of America, the certifying body for eye banks and per FDA regulations to address those concerns that you speak of. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> I would suggest that those interested/concern with transplant contact their local agencies. The Eye Bank Association of America has a web. site . Further if anyone has problems contacting or finding out about their local organization(s), call me or e-mail me I would be glad to help. My e-mail address is<a href="mailto:jill@clevelandeyebank.org" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">jill@clevelandeyebank.org</a>" </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Terry Singeltary responds: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> "Explain this to the family in Houston who went to their loved ones funeral, only to find out that the loved one that was in the casket, had their corneas removed without their permission, without the consent of the victim or it's family. They would not have known it, only for the funny look the victim had. So, they questioned, only to find out, the corneas, had in fact, been removed without consent. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> I call that stealing, regardless what the law states. This type of legal grave robbing is not a logical thing to do without knowing any type of background of the victims medical past, which really will not prove anything due to the incubation period. Eye tissue being potentially a highly infective source, there are risks here. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Should they not at least know of the potential ramifications of TSE's (the person receiving the corneas)? </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Should there not be some sort of screening? </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Should there be some sort of moral issue here? </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> If this is the case, and in fact, they can come take your corneas, without your consent, then what will they start taking next, without your consent? </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Lets look at a hypothetical situation: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> What would happen if my Mom (DOD 12-14-97 hvCJD) would have gotten into a car wreck and died, before the symptoms of CJD appeared. Not much money, so there was no autopsy. What would have happened to that recipient of those infecting corneas?" </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Comment (webmaster): Actual transmission of CJD by means of corneal transplant may or may not be rare.. The incidence of infectivity in older people could be fairly high; this is not to be confused with the lower incidence of symptomatic (clinical) CJD.. It is very unlikely that familial CJD would have been diagnosed in earlier generations; however, without interviewing the family even known kindreds would not be excluded. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> In blood donation, a much stricter policy is followed, even though corneal transplant may be far more dangerous (being a direct link to the brain and not going through purification steps). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> Since highly sensitive tests for pre-clinical CJD are now available, it would make sense to screen corneas for CJD, just as they are screened for AIDS, hepatitus, and a host of other conditions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.mad-cow.org/dec99_news.html#bbb" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.mad-cow.org/dec99_news.html#bbb</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.braintalkcommunities.org/archives/06_11/showthread.php?t=76877" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.braintalkcommunities.org/archives/06_11/showthread.php?t=76877</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Eye procedure raises CJD concerns</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">BySTEVE MITCHELL, Medical Correspondent</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WASHINGTON, Nov. 18 (UPI) -- A New York man who died from a rare brain disorder similar to mad cow disease in May underwent an eye procedure prior to his death that raises concerns about the possibility of transmitting the fatal disease to others, United Press International has learned.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The development comes on the heels of the announcement Thursday by U.S. Department of Agriculture officials of a possible second case of mad cow disease in U.S. herds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Richard Da Silva, 58, of Orange County, N.Y., died from Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, an incurable brain-wasting illness that strikes about one person per million.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Richard's wife Ann Marie Da Silva told UPI he underwent a check for the eye disease glaucoma in 2003, approximately a year before his death. The procedure involves the use of a tonometer, which contacts the cornea -- an eye tissue that can contain prions, the infectious agent thought to cause CJD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ann Marie's concern is that others who had the tonometer used on them could have gotten infected.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">A 2003 study by British researchers suggests her concerns may be justified. A team led by J.W. Ironside from the National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit at the University of Edinburgh examined tonometer heads and found they can retain cornea tissue that could infect other people -- even after cleaning and decontaminating the instrument.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"Retained corneal epithelial cells, following the standard decontamination routine of tonometer prisms, may represent potential prion infectivity," the researchers wrote in the British Journal of Ophthalmology last year. "Once the infectious agent is on the cornea, it could theoretically infect the brain."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prions, misfolded proteins thought to be the cause of mad cow, CJD and similar diseases, are notoriously difficult to destroy and are capable of withstanding most sterilization procedures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Laura Manuelidis, an expert on these diseases and section chief of surgery in the neuropathology department at Yale University, agreed with the British researchers that tonometers represent a potential risk of passing CJD to other people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Manuelidis told UPI she has been voicing her concern about the risks of corneas since 1977 when her own study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, showed the eye tissue, if infected, could transmit CJD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">At the time the procedure was done on Richard Da Silva, about a year before he died, she said it was "absolutely" possible he was infectious.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The CJD Incidents Panel, a body of experts set up by the U.K. Department of Health, noted in a 2001 report that procedures involving the cornea are considered medium risk for transmitting CJD. The first two patients who have a contaminated eye instrument used on them have the highest risk of contracting the disease, the panel said..</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">In 1999, the U.K. Department of Health banned opticians from reusing equipment that came in contact with patients' eyes out of concern it could result in the transmission of variant CJD, the form of the disease humans can contract from consuming infected beef products.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Richard Da Silva was associated with a cluster of five other cases of CJD in southern New York that raised concerns about vCJD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">None of the cases have been determined to stem from mad cow disease, but concerns about the cattle illness in the United States could increase in light of the USDA announcement Thursday that a cow tested positive on initial tests for the disease. If confirmed, this would be the second U.S. case of the illness; the first was detected in a Washington cow last December. The USDA said the suspect animal disclosed Thursday did not enter the food chain. The USDA did not release further details about the cow, but said results from further lab tests to confirm the initial tests were expected within seven days.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ann Marie Da Silva said she informed the New York Health Department and later the eye doctor who performed the procedure about her husband's illness and her concerns about the risk of transmitting CJD via the tonometer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The optometrist -- whom she declined to name because she did not want to jeopardize his career -- "didn't even know what this disease was," she said.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"He said the health department never called him and I called them (the health department) back and they didn't seem concerned about it," she added. "I just kept getting angrier and angrier when I felt I was being dismissed."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">She said the state health department "seems to have an attitude of don't ask, don't tell" about CJD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"There's a stigma attached to it," she said. "Is it because they're so afraid the public will panic? I don't know, but I don't think that the answer is to push things under the rug."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">New York State Department of Health spokeswoman Claire Pospisil told UPI she would look into whether the agency was concerned about the possibility of transmitting CJD via tonometers, but she had not called back prior to story publication.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Disposable tonometers are readily available and could avoid the risk of transmitting the disease, Ironside and colleagues noted in their study. Ann Marie Da Silva said she asked the optometrist whether he used disposable tonometers and "he said 'No, it's a reusable one.'"</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ironside's team also noted other ophthalmic instruments come into contact with the cornea and could represent a source of infection as they are either difficult to decontaminate or cannot withstand the harsh procedures necessary to inactivate prions. These include corneal burrs, diagnostic and therapeutic contact lenses and other coated lenses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry Singletary, whose mother died from a type of CJD called Heidenhain Variant, told UPI health officials were not doing enough to prevent people from being infected by contaminated medical equipment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"They've got to start taking this disease seriously and they simply aren't doing it," said Singletary, who is a member of CJD Watch and CJD Voice -- advocacy groups for CJD patients and their families.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention spokeswoman Christine Pearson did not return a phone call from UPI seeking comment. The agency's Web site states the eye is one of three tissues, along with the brain and spinal cord, that are considered to have "high infectivity."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The Web site said more than 250 people worldwide have contracted CJD through contaminated surgical instruments and tissue transplants. This includes as many as four who were infected by corneal grafts. The agency noted no such cases have been reported since 1976, when sterilization procedures were instituted in healthcare facilities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ironside and colleagues noted in their study, however, many disinfection procedures used on optical instruments, such as tonometers, fail. They wrote their finding of cornea tissue on tonometers indicates that "no current cleaning and disinfection strategy is fully effective."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Singletary said CDC's assertion that no CJD cases from infected equipment or tissues have been detected since 1976 is misleading.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"They have absolutely no idea" whether any cases have occurred in this manner, he said, because CJD cases often aren't investigated and the agency has not required physicians nationwide report all cases of CJD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"There's no national surveillance unit for CJD in the United States; people are dying who aren't autopsied, the CDC has no way of knowing" whether people have been infected via infected equipment or tissues, he said.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ann Marie Da Silva said she has contacted several members of her state's congressional delegation about her concerns, including Rep. Sue Kelly, R-N.Y., and Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">"Basically, what I want is to be a positive force in this, but I also want more of a dialogue going on with the public and the health department," she said.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.upi.com/Eye-procedure-raises-CJD-concerns/29741100811678/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Eye-procedure-raises-CJD-concerns/29741100811678/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Friday, December 04, 2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">New guidance on decontamination of trial contact lenses and other contact devices has been revealed for CJD AND vCJD</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/new-guidance-on-decontamination-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/12/new-guidance-on-decontamination-of.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, JANUARY 17, 2016 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Of Grave Concern Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/01/of-grave-concern-heidenhain-variant.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/01/of-grave-concern-heidenhain-variant.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CDC Eyes of CJD patients show evidence of prions concerns for iatrogenic transmission</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/cdc-eyes-of-cjd-patients-show-evidence.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/cdc-eyes-of-cjd-patients-show-evidence.html</a></span></div>
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>>> The only tenable public line will be that "more research is required’’ <<< </div>
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>>> possibility on a transmissible prion remains open<<< </div>
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O.K., so it’s about 23 years later, so somebody please tell me, when is "more research is required’’ enough time for evaluation ? </div>
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Re-Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy </div>
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Nature 525, 247?250 (10 September 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15369 Received 26 April 2015 Accepted 14 August 2015 Published online 09 September 2015 Updated online 11 September 2015 Erratum (October, 2015) </div>
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snip...see full Singeltary Nature comment here; </div>
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Alzheimer's disease</div>
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let's not forget the elephant in the room. curing Alzheimer's would be a great and wonderful thing, but for starters, why not start with the obvious, lets prove the cause or causes, and then start to stop that. think iatrogenic, friendly fire, or the pass it forward mode of transmission. think medical, surgical, dental, tissue, blood, related transmission. think transmissible spongiform encephalopathy aka tse prion disease aka mad cow type disease... </div>
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Commentary: Evidence for human transmission of amyloid-β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy</div>
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<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div>
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<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111492</a></div>
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<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/933cc83a-a384-45c3-b3b2-336882c30f9d</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00005/full</a></div>
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Self-Propagative Replication of Ab Oligomers Suggests Potential Transmissibility in Alzheimer Disease </div>
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*** Singeltary comment PLoS *** </div>
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Alzheimer’s disease and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy prion disease, Iatrogenic, what if ? </div>
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Posted by flounder on 05 Nov 2014 at 21:27 GMT </div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860</a></div>
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IN CONFIDENCE</div>
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5 NOVEMBER 1992</div>
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TRANSMISSION OF ALZHEIMER TYPE PLAQUES TO PRIMATES</div>
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[9. Whilst this matter is not at the moment directly concerned with the iatrogenic CJD cases from hgH, there remains a possibility of litigation here, and this presents an added complication. </div>
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There are also results to be made available shortly </div>
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(1) concerning a farmer with CJD who had BSE animals, </div>
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(2) on the possible transmissibility of Alzheimer’s and </div>
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(3) a CMO letter on prevention of iatrogenic CJD transmission in neurosurgery, all of which will serve to increase media interest.]</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060344/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102232842/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/11/04001001.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">P132 Aged cattle brain displays Alzheimer’s-like pathology that can be propagated in a prionlike manner</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ines Moreno-Gonzalez (1), George Edwards III (1), Rodrigo Morales (1), Claudia Duran-Aniotz (1), Mercedes Marquez (2), Marti Pumarola (2), Claudio Soto (1) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">These results may contribute to uncover a previously unsuspected etiology surrounding some cases of sporadic AD. However, the early and controversial stage of the field of prion-like transmission in non-prion diseases added to the artificial nature of the animal models utilized for these studies, indicate that extrapolation of the results to humans should not be done without further experiments. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">P75 Determining transmissibility and proteome changes associated with abnormal bovine prionopathy </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dudas S (1,2), Seuberlich T (3), Czub S (1,2) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, NCAD Lethbridge Laboratory, Canada 2. University of Calgary, Canada 3. University of Bern, Switzerland. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">In prion diseases, it is believed that altered protein conformation encodes for different pathogenic strains. Currently 3 different strains of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are confirmed. Diagnostic tests for BSE are able to identify animals infected with all 3 strains, however, several diagnostic laboratories have reported samples with inconclusive results which are challenging to classify. It was suggested that these may be novel strains of BSE; to determine transmissibility, brain material from index cases were inoculated into cattle. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">In the first passage, cattle were intra-cranially challenged with brain homogenate from 2 Swiss animals with abnormal prionopathy. The challenged cattle incubated for 3 years and were euthanized with no clinical signs of neurologic disease.. Animals were negative when tested on validated diagnostic tests but several research methods demonstrated changes in the prion conformation in these cattle, including density gradient centrifugation and immunohistochemistry.. Currently, samples from the P1 animals are being tested for changes in protein levels using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that, if a prionopathy is present, this approach should identify pathways and targets to decipher the source of altered protein conformation. In addition, a second set of cattle have been challenged with brain material from the first passage. Ideally, these cattle will be given a sufficient incubation period to provide a definitive answer to the question of transmissibility. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">=====prion 2018===</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Amydis Awarded Prion Disease Grant from NIH</span></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/09/amydis-awarded-prion-disease-grant-from..html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/09/amydis-awarded-prion-disease-grant-from.html</a></div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts </div>
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S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div>
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div>
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div>
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Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div>
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Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan.</div>
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*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.</div>
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*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div>
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see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div>
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*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply;</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/02/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/02/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">2006-2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">HUMAN and ANIMAL TSE Classifications i.e. mad cow disease and the UKBSEnvCJD only theory</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">TSEs have been rampant in the USA for decades in many species, and they all have been rendered and fed back to animals for human/animal consumption. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2007. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, surgical, blood, medical, cosmetics etc. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from subclinical to clinical disease, and of that, I even believe that physical and or blunt trauma may play a role of onset of clinical symptoms in some cases, but key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">BUT, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain in cows, and the nv/v CJD, one strain in humans, and that all the rest of human TSE is one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD (when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD), and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans, to continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">My name is Terry S. Singeltary Sr. and I am no scientist, no doctor and have no PhDs, but have been independently researching human and animal TSEs since the death of my Mother to the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease on December 14, 1997 'confirmed'.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">To the Editor: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://jama.jamanetwork..com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://jama.ama-assn.org/http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jama.ama-assn.org/http://www.neurology.org/cgi/eletters/60/2/176#535</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: 13.3333px;">BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well....</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">02 January 2000</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S Singeltary</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b</a> (Published 13 November 1999) Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Rapid responses Response</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">15 November 1999</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S Singeltary</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: 13.3333px;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ermias D. Belay, Ryan A. Maddox, Pierluigi Gambetti, Lawrence B. Schonberger</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">First published January 28, 2003, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000036913.87823.D6" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000036913.87823.D6</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) attracted increased attention in the mid-1980s because of the emergence among UK cattle of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which has been shown to be transmitted to humans, causing a variant form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). The BSE outbreak has been reported in 19 European countries, Israel, and Japan, and human cases have so far been identified in four European countries, and more recently in a Canadian resident and a US resident who each lived in Britain during the BSE outbreak. To monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD, such as vCJD, in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been conducting surveillance for human TSEs through several mechanisms, including the establishment of the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center. Physicians are encouraged to maintain a high index of suspicion for vCJD and use the free services of the pathology center to assess the neuropathology of clinically diagnosed and suspected cases of CJD or other TSEs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Received May 7, 2002. Accepted August 28, 2002.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/60/2/176.long" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/60/2/176.long</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Published March 26, 2003</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">26 March 2003</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply to Singletary Ryan A. Maddox, MPH Other Contributors: Published March 26, 2003 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mr. Singletary raises several issues related to current Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD) surveillance activities. Although CJD is not a notifiable disease in most states, its unique characteristics, particularly its invariably fatal outcome within usually a year of onset, make routine mortality surveillance a useful surrogate for ongoing CJD surveillance.[1] In addition, because CJD is least accurately diagnosed early in the course of illness, notifiable-disease surveillance could be less accurate than, if not duplicative of, current mortality surveillance.[1] However, in states where making CJD officially notifiable would meaningfully facilitate the collection of data to monitor for variant CJD (vCJD) or other emerging prion diseases, CDC encourages the designation of CJD as a notifiable disease.[1] Moreover, CDC encourages physicians to report any diagnosed or suspected CJD cases that may be of special public health importance (e.g., vCJD, iatrogenic CJD, unusual CJD clusters).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">As noted in our article, strong evidence is lacking for a causal link between chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk and human disease,[2] but only limited data seeking such evidence exist. Overall, the previously published case-control studies that have evaluated environmental sources of infection for sporadic CJD have not consistently identified strong evidence for a common risk factor.[3] However, the power of a case-control study to detect a rare cause of CJD is limited, particularly given the relatively small number of subjects generally involved and its long incubation period, which may last for decades. Because only a very small proportion of the US population has been exposed to CWD, a targeted surveillance and investigation of unusual cases or case clusters of prion diseases among persons at increased risk of exposure to CWD is a more efficient approach to detecting the possible transmission of CWD to humans. In collaboration with appropriate local and state health departments and the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, CDC is facilitating or conducting such surveillance and case- investigations, including related laboratory studies to characterize CJD and CWD prions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mr. Singletary also expresses concern over a recent publication by Asante and colleagues indicating the possibility that some sporadic CJD cases may be attributable to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).[4] The authors reported that transgenic mice expressing human prion protein homozygous for methionine at codon 129, when inoculated with BSE prions, developed a molecular phenotype consistent with a subtype of sporadic CJD. Although the authors implied that BSE might cause a sporadic CJD-like illness among persons homozygous for methionine, the results of their research with mice do not necessarily directly apply to the transmission of BSE to humans. If BSE causes a sporadic CJD-like illness in humans, an increase in sporadic CJD cases would be expected to first occur in the United Kingdom, where the vast majority of vCJD cases have been reported. In the United Kingdom during 1997 through 2002, however, the overall average annual mortality rate for sporadic CJD was not elevated; it was about 1 case per million population per year. In addition, during this most recent 6-year period following the first published description of vCJD in 1996, there was no increasing trend in the reported annual number of UK sporadic CJD deaths.[3, 5] Furthermore, surveillance in the UK has shown no increase in the proportion of sporadic CJD cases that are homozygous for methionine (Will RG, National CJD Surveillance Unit, United Kingdom, 2003; personal communication).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">References</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Diagnosis and reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA 2001;285:733-734.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">2. Belay ED, Maddox RA, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB. Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States. Neurology 2003;60:176-181.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">3. Belay ED. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans. Annu Rev Microbiol 1999;53:283-314.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">4. Asante EA, Linehan JM, Desbruslais M, et al. BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. EMBO J 2002;21:6358-6366.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">5. The UK Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit. CJD statistics. Available at: <a href="http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/figures.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/figures.htm</a>. Accessed February 18, 2003.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Competing Interests: None declared.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/reply-singletary" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/reply-singletary</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Xavier Bosch</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Available online 29 July 2003. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem..” ............................. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151..pdf</a></span></span></div>
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the British disease, i don't think so, i think it is a global disease of zoonosis TSE Prion from many species, and friendly fire there from...TSS<br />
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<a href="https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-009/video-009.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">*** USA sporadic CJD MAD COW DISEASE HAS HUGE PROBLEM Video</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">*** sporadic CJD linked to mad cow disease</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">*** you can see video here and interview with Jeff's Mom, and scientist telling you to test everything and potential risk factors for humans ***</span></span></div>
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Singeltary on TSE Prion</div>
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Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div>
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***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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***> The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-agent-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-agent-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div>
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SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 2018 </div>
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cwd, bse, scrapie, cjd, tse prion updated November 10 2018</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/cwd-bse-scrapie-cjd-tse-prion-updated.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/cwd-bse-scrapie-cjd-tse-prion-updated.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25, 2018 </div>
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***> Norway New additional requirements for imports of hay and straw for animal feed from countries outside the EEA due to CWD TSE Prion</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/norway-new-additional-requirements-for.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/norway-new-additional-requirements-for.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2007/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/2007/</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://cjdquestionnaire.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Benefit cuts hit mad cow disease sufferer A girl born severely disabled from vCJD may lose her home under universal credit</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/benefit-cuts-hit-mad-cow-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/11/benefit-cuts-hit-mad-cow-disease.html</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></span></div>
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SUNDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2018 </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, BSE, Scrapie, CWD, TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 13, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">EFSA EU summary report trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017 and BSE TSE Prion Risk PAP December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2018/12/efsa-eu-summary-report-trends-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2018/12/efsa-eu-summary-report-trends-and.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Transmission of amyloid-β protein pathology from cadaveric pituitary growth hormone</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/12/transmission-of-amyloid-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/12/transmission-of-amyloid-protein.html</a></span></div>
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FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 </div>
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MAD COW USA FLASHBACK FRIDAY DECEMBER 14, 2018</div>
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<a href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html</a></div>
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SUNDAY, DECEMBER 09, 2018 </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, BSE, Scrapie, CWD, TSE Prion Annual Report December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-bse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 13, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">EFSA EU summary report trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2017 and BSE TSE Prion Risk PAP December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2018/12/efsa-eu-summary-report-trends-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2018/12/efsa-eu-summary-report-trends-and.ht</a></span><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2018/12/efsa-eu-summary-report-trends-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">ml</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2018 </div>
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Texas TPWD TAHC Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion 133 Cases To Date </div>
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2018 11/30/2018 Breeder Release Site Medina Facility</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/texas-tpwd-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/texas-tpwd-tahc-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2018 <span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16px;"></span><br />
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Alberta Liberal MLA David Swann supports AFN resolution calling for the phasing out of game farms to help combat CWD</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/alberta-liberal-mla-david-swann.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/alberta-liberal-mla-david-swann.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2018 </div>
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BOONE AND CROCKETT CLUB POSITION STATEMENT CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE AND THE TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE CERVIDS</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/boone-and-crockett-club-position.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/boone-and-crockett-club-position.html</a></div>
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SUNDAY, DECEMBER 02, 2018 </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CWD TSE PRION, REGULATORY LEGISLATION, PAY TO PLAY, and The SPREAD of Chronic Wasting Disease</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/cwd-tse-prion-regulatory-legislation.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/12/cwd-tse-prion-regulatory-legislation.html</a></span></span></div>
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </div>
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Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 2018 </div>
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USDA 95TH ANNUAL AGRICULTURE OUTLOOK FORUM</div>
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<a href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/usda-95th-annual-agriculture-outlook.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/usda-95th-annual-agriculture-outlook.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">CDC USDA PUBLISHED: 2017 Annual Report of the Federal Select Agent Program Minus BSE, Scrapie, CWD, CJD, TSE, Prion Reports</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">CDC USDA PUBLISHED: 2017 Annual Report of the Federal Select Agent Program With Addition BSE, Scrapie, CWD, CJD, TSE, Prion Reports</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">30 page report and not a WORD about Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease in the U.S.A., so sad. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">well, i have included those reports below this report so folks know the rest of this story, or nightmare, because it is nowhere near being over, it's only just begun imo, prepare for the storm. ...terry</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/12/cdc-usda-published-2017-annual-report.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/12/cdc-usda-published-2017-annual-report.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">i have followed daily, since December 14, 1997, when i lost my mom to the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD confirmed. now we have mad cows, mad deer, mad sheep, and humans with tse prion disease right here in Texas, no one speaks of. well, i thought i might update you all now on this day December 14, 2018. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">wasted days and wasted nights...Freddy Fender.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">prepare for the storm...</span></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-2018320078247228472017-11-16T09:32:00.001-06:002017-11-16T09:32:56.835-06:00Texas Natural Meats Recalls Beef Products Due To Possible Specified Risk Materials Contamination<h2 class="recall-report-header" style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; direction: ltr; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 2.3125em; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
News Release</h2>
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Texas Natural Meats Recalls Beef Products Due To Possible Specified Risk Materials Contamination</h3>
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<span class="recall-class-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; font-weight: bold;">Class II Recall</span><span class="recall-release-container" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: right; font-weight: bold;">122-2017</span></div>
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<span class="health-risk" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; font-weight: bold;">Health Risk: Low</span><span class="recall-date" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: right; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 5px;">Nov 15, 2017</span></div>
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Congressional and Public Affairs<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Brett Filloon<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />(202) 720-9113<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="mailto:Press@fsis.usda.gov" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0033cc; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">Press@fsis.usda.gov</a></div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">WASHINGTON, Nov. 15, 2017</strong> – Texas Natural Meats, a Lott, Texas establishment, is recalling approximately 116 pounds of beef tongue products that may be contaminated with specified risk materials (SRMs), the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) announced today.</div>
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The raw intact beef tongue items were produced on various dates between April 1, 2016 and Nov. 11, 2017. The following products are subject to recall: [<a href="https://origin-www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/8d94af2e-7ca9-4297-ba26-e7897518a279/122-2017-label.pdf?MOD=AJPERES" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0033cc; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">View Label</a> (PDF Only)]</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1.72-lb. cryovac packages of frozen “Beef Tongue”.</li>
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The products subject to recall bear establishment number “EST. 34449” inside the USDA mark of inspection. These items were shipped to product owners and further distributed in Texas. </div>
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The problem was discovered on Nov. 15, 2017 by FSIS, while conducting inspection verification activities.</div>
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There have been no confirmed reports of adverse reactions due to consumption of these products. Anyone concerned about an injury or illness should contact a healthcare provider. </div>
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Consumers who have purchased these products are urged not to consume them. These products should be thrown away or returned to the place of purchase.</div>
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FSIS routinely conducts recall effectiveness checks to verify recalling firms notify their<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;"> </strong>customers of the recall and that steps are taken to make certain that the product is no longer available to consumers.</div>
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Consumers and media with questions about the recall can contact C.W. Whorton, Plant Manager, at (254) 584-0115.</div>
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Consumers with food safety questions can "Ask Karen," the FSIS virtual representative available 24 hours a day at <a href="https://origin-www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/informational/askkaren" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0033cc; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">AskKaren.gov </a>or via smartphone at <a href="https://origin-www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/informational/askkaren" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0033cc; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">m.askkaren.gov</a>. The toll-free USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) is available in English and Spanish and can be reached from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through Friday. Recorded food safety messages are available 24 hours a day. The online Electronic Consumer Complaint Monitoring System can be accessed 24 hours a day at: <a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/reportproblem" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0033cc; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/reportproblem</a>.</div>
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<table bgcolor="#E7ECF2" border="1" bordercolor="#717F94" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="background: none; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 368px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td bgcolor="#717F94" class="TableHeadWhite" colspan="3" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">USDA Recall Classifications</strong></td></tr>
<tr style="background: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="hdrBoldBlack" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;" valign="top" width="20%"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Class I</strong></td><td align="left" class="BodyTextBlack" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;" valign="top" width="80%">This is a health hazard situation where there is a reasonable probability that the use of the product will cause serious, adverse health consequences or death.</td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="hdrBoldBlack" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;" valign="top" width="20%"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Class II</strong></td><td align="left" class="BodyTextBlack" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;" valign="top" width="80%">This is a health hazard situation where there is a remote probability of adverse health consequences from the use of the product.</td></tr>
<tr style="background: none; box-sizing: border-box;"><td align="left" class="hdrBoldBlack" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;" valign="top" width="20%"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Class III</strong></td><td align="left" class="BodyTextBlack" style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 255); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 5px;" valign="top" width="80%">This is a situation where the use of the product will not cause adverse health consequences.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://origin-www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2017/recall-122-2017-release" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://origin-www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2017/recall-122-2017-release</a></span></div>
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Specified Risk Materials Program</div>
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The Specified Risk Materials Program is intended to allow qualified investigators to seek funding for research directly related to the following areas of specified risk materials (SRM): detection of prions in complex matrices; SRM as feedstock for processes and products; disposition and disposal methods; cost benefit estimates of existing or new disposition and disposal methodologies; risk assessment; risk communication about SRM and risks and benefits of disposition and disposal of SRM; and other.</div>
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Funding is accessible for all relevant fields of inquiry in the themes as described in the guidelines to develop innovative disposition and disposal methods and/or uses of specified risk materials. This competition will support grants of up to $500,000 for a period of up to three years. Applications are due August 15, 2016.</div>
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>> Application Guidelines</div>
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Explorations Program The Explorations Program allows Alberta-based investigators to seek funding for research directly related to prion diseases and prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases and dementias. The research themes for this program are protein folding and misfolding in prion diseases, the pathobiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), surveillance and control of prion diseases, TSEs and society, protein folding and misfolding in prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases, and prion-like mechanisms in human neurodegenerative diseases.</div>
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The Alberta Prion Research Institute offers two tiers of funding for the Explorations competition: grants of up to $200,000 for a maximum of two years and grants of up to $500,000 for a maximum of three years. Applications are due August 31, 2016.</div>
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>> Application Guidelines</div>
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Research Team Program The Research Team Program allows teams of qualified investigators to seek funding for research directly related to prion diseases and prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases and dementias. The research themes for this program are protein folding and misfolding in prion diseases, the pathobiology of TSEs, surveillance and control of prion diseases, TSEs and society, protein folding and misfolding in prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases and prion-like mechanisms in the pathobiology of prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases.</div>
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The program is designed to encourage collaboration within Alberta and between Alberta-based investigators and researchers outside of Alberta. The team of researchers must be from at least two different research institutions. The Alberta Prion Research Institute provides up to $750,000 for a team grant over a maximum of three years. The total from partners provided to support a Research Team proposal will be a cash contribution of at least 25 per cent of the total amount contributed by the Prion Institute (at least 20 per cent of total project costs). Applications are due August 31, 2016.</div>
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>> Application Guidelines</div>
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Grant Crafting Workshops The Alberta Prion Research Institute is offering grant crafting workshops in Edmonton and Calgary. The grant crafting workshops will include presentations from two researchers with experience crafting and reviewing proposals, including one member of the Prion Institute’s International Research Advisory Council. These sessions are open to research administrators, principal investigators, postdocs, grad students and other lab members.</div>
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Tuesday, June 21 – Edmonton 1:30 – 3:30 p.m. 204 Brain and Aging Research Building Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta</div>
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Wednesday, June 22 – Calgary 9 – 11 a.m. TRW 2E23 University of Calgary Foothills Campus</div>
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<a href="http://www.mailoutinteractive.com/Industry/View.aspx?id=813647&q=1050145357&qz=552b40" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mailoutinteractive.com/Industry/View.aspx?id=813647&q=1050145357&qz=552b40</a></div>
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Saturday, January 31, 2015</div>
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RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE</div>
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Subject: RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE</div>
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF THE BELGIAN FEDERAL AGENCY FOR THE SAFETY OF THE FOOD CHAIN</div>
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RAPID ADVICE 17-2014</div>
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Subject: Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE (Dossier SciCom 2014/22) Rapid advice approved by the Scientific Committee on 22nd October 2014.</div>
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Summary</div>
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The Scientific Committee was asked to answer two questions in regard to a proposal from the European Commission to no longer obligate Member States with a negligible BSE risk status to remove and dispose the specified risk materials as specified in Annex V to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The aim of this modification of the Regulation is to ensure that conditions for imports of commodities from third countries are not more favorable than the conditions applying to Member States with the same OIE BSE negligible risk status. More specifically it was asked to the Scientific Committee:</div>
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- If there is a difference in public health risk between the casings imported from third countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and casings that come from the 18 EU Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”?</div>
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- If there is a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no longer removed as SRM and if the other risk materials for BSE (the skull including the brains and eyes, the spinal cord, the tonsils and the spine) are indeed considered as SRM?</div>
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Due to lack of availability of data on true prevalence and tissue infectivity of BSE (classical as well as atypical BSE) the Scientific Committee was not able to thoroughly investigate the questions.</div>
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Removal of specified risk materials from cattle at slaughter prevents BSE infected materials from entering the human food chain.</div>
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The Scientific Committee is of the opinion that, taking into consideration the uncertainties in regard to the true prevalence of BSE (classical as well as atypical BSE) in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and given the problems related with the early detection of asymptomatic BSE and given the zoonotic significance of atypical BSE, that stopping with the routine removal of specified risk materials during bovine slaughter will increase the risk for public health.</div>
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2/14</div>
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The Scientific Committee is not able to compare the public health risk of casings from third countries and from the 18 EU Member States, both with a negligible risk status for BSE, because of lack of data on true BSE prevalence and BSE tissue infectivity (classical BSE and atypical BSE) in the considered countries.</div>
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The Scientific Committee is also not able to properly answer the second question if there is a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no longer removed as SRM due to lack of quantitative data on tissue infectivity of different specified risk materials in slaughtered bovines in these countries. There is also no information on tissue infectivity of atypical BSE cases. It is known however that intestines are the portal of entry of prions and that they are already infective before the prions reach the central nervous system.</div>
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The final decision pertaining the need of removal of all or part of the specified risk materials is a risk management decision and goes beyond the competencies of the Scientific Committee.</div>
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Samenvatting Sneladvies over de risico’s voor de volksgezondheid van worstenvellen in landen met een “verwaarloosbaar risicostatuut voor BSE” en over de risico’s van wijziging van een lijst van gespecifieerde risicomaterialen (GRM) voor BSE</div>
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In conclusion the Scientific Committee is not able to answer this question with an acceptable degree of uncertainty because of lack of data on true prevalence of BSE (classical as well as atypical forms of BSE) in the considered countries. It reiterates its concern regarding the import of certain animal products from third countries with a ‘negligible BSE risk status’ as stated in rapid advice SciCom 16-2013.</div>
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2. Is there a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no longer removed as SRM while the other risk materials for BSE (the skull including the brains and eyes, the spinal cord, the tonsils and the spine) are indeed considered as SRM?</div>
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Once again the Scientific Committee is not able to properly answer this question because of lack of quantitative data on tissue infectivity of different specified risk materials in slaughtered bovines in EU Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”.</div>
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BSE infected animals may enter undetected the food chain due to the low sensitivity of the diagnostic tests. Further on the classical BSE agent accumulates from the first months post exposure in particular segments of the bovine intestines and persists till clinical onset. In addition no information is available about the infectivity of tissues by the atypical BSE agent, especially in the intestines.</div>
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If intestines from cattle in EU Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE” are no longer removed as SRM and are allowed to enter the food chain the public health risk will be increased. The degree of rise in risk level cannot be determined. According to EFSA Journal 2014;12(2):3554, the TSEi model indicated that the removal of the last four meters of the small intestine and of the caecum from the food and feed chain would result in a major reduction of the Classical BSE exposure risk associated with intestine and mesentery in cattle.</div>
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Referring to its previous advice 16-2013 the Scientific Committee repeats that stopping with the routine removal of all specified risk materials during bovine slaughter will increase the risks of exposure of the population to BSE because of the uncertainty related to the detection of BSE. This uncertainty is the consequence of the long incubation period (especially in cases of atypical BSE), the low sensitivity of the available diagnostic methods, the apparent spontaneous nature of atypical BSE, the lack of a clear clinical picture of atypical BSE cases and the reduction in number of tests in healthy slaughtered animals.</div>
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The final decision pertaining the need of removal of all or part of the specified risk materials is a decision to be taken by the risk manager and goes beyond the competencies of the Scientific Committee.</div>
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5. Conclusion</div>
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Removal of specified risk materials from cattle at slaughter prevents BSE infected materials from entering the human food chain.</div>
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The Scientific Committee is of the opinion that, taking into consideration the uncertainties in regard to the true prevalence of BSE (including classical as well asaAtypical BSE) in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and given the problems related with the early detection of asymptomatic BSE and given the zoonotic character of atypical BSE, stopping with the routine removal of all specified risk materials during bovine slaughter will increase the risk for public health.</div>
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12/14</div>
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The Scientific Committee is not able to compare the public health risk of casings from third countries and from the 18 EU Member States both with a negligible risk status for BSE because of lack of data on true BSE prevalence (classical BSE and atypical BSE) in the considered countries.</div>
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The Scientific Committee is not able to properly answer the question if there is a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no longer removed as SRM due to lack of quantitative data on tissue infectivity of different specified risk materials in slaughtered bovines in these countries. There is also no information on tissue infectivity by the agent of atypical BSE.</div>
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On behalf of the Scientific Committee, The President Prof. Dr. E. Thiry (Sgd.) Brussels, 06/11/2014</div>
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References</div>
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snip...end</div>
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<a href="http://www.afsca.be/scientificcommittee/advices/_documents/RAPIDADVICE17-2014_EN_DOSSIER2014-22.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.afsca.be/scientificcommittee/advices/_documents/RAPIDADVICE17-2014_EN_DOSSIER2014-22.pdf</a></div>
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Thursday, July 24, 2014</div>
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Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA</div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a></div>
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Saturday, January 31, 2015</div>
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RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE</div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html</a></div>
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In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or horderves.</div>
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Thursday, November 28, 2013</div>
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Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a></div>
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seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse), not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ???</div>
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Saturday, September 21, 2013</div>
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Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT</div>
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<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a></div>
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DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ???</div>
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this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</div>
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<a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div>
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try this link ;</div>
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<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a></div>
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Sunday, November 13, 2011</div>
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</div>
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*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer livestock</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, March 2, 2016</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
RANCHO He did not know that they were placing healthy cow heads next to suspect carcasses BSE TSE Prion</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html</a></div>
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Sunday, June 14, 2015</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
Larry’s Custom Meats Inc. Recalls Beef Tongue Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials BSE TSE Prion</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html</a></div>
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Thursday, June 12, 2014</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
Missouri Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials 4,012 pounds of fresh beef products because the dorsal root ganglia may not have been completely removed</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html</a></div>
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Saturday, November 10, 2012</div>
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<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That May Contain Specified Risk Materials Nov 9, 2012 WI Firm Recalls Beef Tongues</div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Saturday, July 23, 2011</div>
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</div>
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CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Sunday, October 18, 2009</div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Thursday, October 15, 2009</div>
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Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a></div>
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Thursday, June 26, 2008</div>
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</div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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</div>
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Tuesday, July 1, 2008</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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</div>
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Friday, August 8, 2008</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs 941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Saturday, April 5, 2008</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div>
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</div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div>
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</div>
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Friday, October 15, 2010</div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a></div>
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</div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs</div>
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</div>
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<a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERIAL SRM 2016</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px;">
<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div>
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</div>
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Subject: USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half (bogus BSE sampling FROM HEALTHY USDA CATTLE)</div>
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<div>
Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST</div>
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</div>
<div>
Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div>
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</div>
<div>
An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February 2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to USDA for the services.</div>
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</div>
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In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE),</div>
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*** the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle.</div>
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As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000. Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div>
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</div>
<div>
snip...</div>
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</div>
<div>
Topics that will be covered in ongoing or planned reviews under Goal 1 include:</div>
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</div>
<div>
soundness of BSE maintenance sampling (APHIS),</div>
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</div>
<div>
implementation of Performance-Based Inspection System enhancements for specified risk material (SRM) violations and improved inspection controls over SRMs (FSIS and APHIS),</div>
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snip...</div>
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The findings and recommendations from these efforts will be covered in future semiannual reports as the relevant audits and investigations are completed.</div>
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</div>
<div>
4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half</div>
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</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a></div>
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BARB = BORN AFTER RUMINANT BAN</div>
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ITEM 4 – BSE UPDATE</div>
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10. Mr Patrick Burke (Defra) presented epidemiological data on BSE cases in the GB cattle herd, and of cases in other countries, and summarised the surveillance undertaken in the UK. The GB BSE epidemic peaked in 1992 with over 36,000 cases confirmed. This has since been in steep decline with 203 cases confirmed in 2005 and only a few (n=18) confirmed cases so far in 2006. The average age of onset of clinical BSE has increased with time. The proportion of clinical suspect cases subsequently confirmed as BSE has declined, probably due to the reduction in number of BSE infected cattle in relation to the number with other diseases. The incidence of GB BSE cases born after the 1996 reinforced feed ban (BARB cases) was also in decline. To date, 124 GB BARB cases had been identified. Most of these were detected in casualty animals that had been subjected to emergency slaughter under the over thirty-month scheme. Data on the number of BARB cases by birth cohort showed a peak in 2003, a subsequent decline in 2004, but an increase in 2005. This increase could partially be attributed to the introduction of a cohort cull in March 2005, leading to earlier detection of BARB cases. In the absence of the cull, it is likely these cases would have only been detected in later years through active surveillance or as clinical cases. Epidemiological data on BSE worldwide showed a wide geographical distribution but an overall decline in the incidence of the disease.</div>
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<div>
11. Members asked about the increase in BARB cases in 2005. Mr Burke explained that introduction of the cohort cull in March 2005 allowed detection of positive cases at an earlier stage and could partially explain the increase observed. A member observed that the end of the Over Thirty Month Scheme and changes to emergency slaughter rules which both came into effect in early 2006 might have encouraged farmers to submit more older cattle for slaughter in later 2005, and this might also have contributed to the identification of more cases in 2005. In view of these variables, revised backcalculation estimates of prevalence in the BARB cohorts would be a more useful indicator than observed incidence. Dr Danny Matthews (VLA) noted that cattle born later were exposed to relatively low doses of infectivity compared with historic </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
7 © SEAC 2006</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
exposures, and so would be expected to have relatively long incubation periods. Thus, it is likely that animals infected late in the epidemic have yet to be identified in relatively recent birth cohorts. The committee were satisfied that the increase in number of cases identified in 2005 was unlikely to reflect a real increase in the number of infected animals, but instead reflects changes in surveillance and other factors. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623223549/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final91.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20070623223549/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/final91.pdf</a></div>
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<div>
THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
USDA OIE Alabama Atypical L-type BASE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE animal feeds for ruminants rule, 21 CFR 589.200</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
SUNDAY, JULY 23, 2017</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
atypical L-type BASE Bovine Amyloidotic Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE PRION</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/07/atypical-l-type-base-bovine-amyloidotic.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/07/atypical-l-type-base-bovine-amyloidotic.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
SUNDAY, JULY 23, 2017</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/07/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/07/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
JAVMA NEWS Atypical BSE found in Alabama cow September 01, 2017</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2017/08/javma-news-atypical-bse-found-in.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2017/08/javma-news-atypical-bse-found-in.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Saturday, July 23, 2016</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div>
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</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Monday, June 20, 2016 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html </a></div>
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<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012</span></div>
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On Tuesday, April 24, 2012, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were informed by the CDFA Animal Health Safety Service (AHSS) Division that a brain sample collected from a dead cow at the Baker Commodities rendering transfer station in Hanford, California tested positive for L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). While cases of classical BSE have been clearly linked to the use of contaminated meat and bone meal (MBM) as an ingredient in cattle feed, the origin of atypical strains of BSE is unknown. Given the scientific uncertainty about the origin of the L-type strain of BSE, FDA and CDFA conducted a feed investigation to try to determine if any feed supplied to the index premises since the birth of the index cow could have been manufactured with or cross-contaminated by ingredients that are prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals.</div>
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FDA published BSE feed regulations in 1997 and 2008 to protect against cattle exposure to the BSE agent through animal feed. The 1997 “feed ban” (21 CFR 589.2000) prohibits feeding mammalian protein, with certain exceptions such as for milk products and blood products, to ruminants. The 2008 “enhanced feed rule” (21 CFR 589.2001) addresses concerns that the 1997 rule might not completely eliminate the potential for cattle to be exposed to infectivity as a result of cross-contamination during feed manufacturing or distribution, or as a result of on-farm misfeeding of swine feed, poultry feed, or pet food to cattle. To further reduce the BSE risks associated with cross-contamination and on-farm misfeeding, the 2008 rule banned the use of the highest risk cattle tissues - the brain and spinal cord from cattle 30 months of age and older - in all animal feed. To investigate whether the BSE positive cow in California had access to feed ingredients containing bovine origin MBM, the CDFA and the FDA visited the index dairy farm where they evaluated the dairy farm’s compliance with BSE feed regulations, obtained the feeding history of the index cow since her birth in September 2001 to the present, and identified all feed suppliers to those premises where the cow had resided since birth. An inspection for compliance with 21 CFR 589.2000 and 589.2001 (a BSE inspection) was then conducted at each of the feed suppliers identified. In addition, inspection reports from all previous inspections at the identified feed firms were reviewed to determine each firm’s history of using prohibited material in feed manufacturing, as well as each firm’s history of compliance with FDA’s BSE feed regulations. Particular attention was focused on controls in place at each facility to prevent cross contamination.</div>
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Review of the BSE inspection histories found that compliance with BSE feed regulations was excellent. None of the facilities had used prohibited material in their feed manufacturing during the entire period of interest. All historical BSE inspections at the 12 feed suppliers were NAI (no action indicated) for all inspections conducted over the period of interest. One facility had minor violations (VAI, or voluntary action indicated) for medicated feed good manufacturing practices (GMP) deficiencies. Prior to the period of interest, one firm was OAI for an April 2000 inspection because the firm had inadequate cleanout procedures and failed to label product potentially containing prohibited material with the required caution statement “do not feed to cattle or other ruminants”. The next inspection of that facility, in May 2001 (6 months before the date of birth of the index cow), found that the facility no longer used prohibited material.</div>
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Although none of the facilities had used prohibited material in their feed manufacturing during the entire period of interest, one facility distributed prohibited material but did not use it to manufacture feeds. This facility maintained separation between its manufactured feed and products for distribution that contained prohibited material. Six facilities used only vegetable origin protein sources such as whole and rolled corn, soybean meal, canola meal, distillers dried grain, corn gluten, wheat, almond hulls, rolled barley, cottonseed, sunflower meal, and beet pulp. Five facilities used blood meal (one of the five used only porcine origin blood meal). Two used feather meal, two used fish meal, and one used porcine origin MBM. One facility processed and manufactured with poultry waste. Three facilities distributed pet food or sold it to retail customers. All three of these facilities kept the pet food in an area of the facility separated from feed manufacturing, with posted signs saying “do not feed to cattle or other ruminants.”</div>
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The reporting form used to conduct BSE inspections requires the investigator to verify that facilities that do not use prohibited material have safeguards in place to assure that the facility does not receive prohibited material. All 12 firms had procedures in place for obtaining written certification or other assurances from suppliers that products contained no prohibited material. Written procedures at each facility also required that plant personnel review labels of incoming product for prohibited ingredients. The inspection reports showed that each feed supplier also had appropriate procedures for ensuring that vehicles used to haul incoming or outgoing product had either not previously hauled product containing prohibited material, or had been properly cleaned. This feed investigation found that no feed suppliers to the index premises processed with prohibited material during the period of interest, that all feed facilities obtained appropriate assurances from their suppliers that incoming ingredients did not contain prohibited material, and that vehicle inspections and/or driver certifications were used by all facilities to ensure that products were not transported in vehicles that had hauled product containing prohibited material in the previous load. Based on these findings, the feed investigation team did not identify any conditions where feed ingredients supplied to the index premises had been manufactured with prohibited material, or where feed suppliers to the index premises did not have adequate safeguards in place to prevent cross-contamination during feed manufacture, storage, or transportation.</div>
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Additional Information</div>
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USDA Summary Report - California BSE Case Investigation - July 2012 </div>
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<a href="https://www.fda.gov/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/complianceenforcement/bovinespongiformencephalopathy/ucm314247.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/complianceenforcement/bovinespongiformencephalopathy/ucm314247.htm</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Wednesday, April 25, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">4th MAD COW DISEASE U.S.A. CALIFORNIA ATYPICAL L-TYPE BSE 2012</span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/4th-mad-cow-disease-usa-california.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/4th-mad-cow-disease-usa-california.html</a></div>
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2012 ATYPICAL L-TYPE BASE BSE TSE PRION CALIFORNIA ‘confirmed’ </div>
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Saturday, August 4, 2012</div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">*** Final Feed Investigation Summary - California BSE Case - July 2012</span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html</a></div>
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SPONTANEOUS ATYPICAL BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div>
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***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div>
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. </div>
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*** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada.</div>
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*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div>
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P.9.21</div>
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Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada</div>
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Jianmin Yang 1 , Sandor Dudas 2 , Catherine Graham 2 , Markus Czub 3 , Tim McAllister 1 , Stefanie Czub 1 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2 National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3 University of Calgary, Canada</div>
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Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle. Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres.</div>
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Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.</div>
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Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal-specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.</div>
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Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.</div>
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see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div>
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*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply;</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div>
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div>
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div>
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Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div>
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Wednesday, July 15, 2015</div>
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Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed?</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div>
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MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</div>
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Greetings FDA HHS et al Enforcement Reports,</div>
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i have followed the mad cow saga since December 14, 1997, when i lost my Mom to the hvCJD. without going into all that and what i have been doing since then to bring awareness, i am reaching out to you privately, because i do not want to have to wait another 10 years to finally get an answer via the FOIA on feed or the infamous mad sheep of mad river valley testing blunder. i'm getting old and probably will not be around in 10 years. but what i am look for, you might be able to help me out with, and i will keep the source 'in confidence'. what i am looking for is the full report and amount of product in commerce being recalled (if any). i am extremely concerned with the 21 CFR 589.2000 feed regulations and risk factors there from cervid, pigs, dogs, cats. we now have cwd transmitting to pigs orally in the lab, and this is getting serious now. i know OAI actions are severe from the past OAIs and investigations there from. but if you could please give me a full report of exactly what this OAI violation consisted of, or someone that can, without years of FOIA requests and denials and appeals, it would be most helpful, and very much appreciated. i am not the enemy, i have simply been trying to fix a wrong for almost 2 decades every day, but seems i have failed. i made a promise to mom, never forget, and never let them forget. i hope to hear back from you...</div>
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with kindest regards, terry </div>
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11998 DET-DO MI 48846-847 OPR 4/4/2017 OAI </div>
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Subject: MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</div>
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MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</div>
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FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory </div>
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11998 DET-DO MI 48846-847 OPR 4/4/2017 OAI </div>
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NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</div>
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OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</div>
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VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</div>
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RTS = REFERRED TO STATE</div>
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OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2016 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary Medicine" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2015 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary Medicine" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2013 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2012 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 4 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2011 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 4 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2010 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 3 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2009 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 10 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2008 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 7 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2007 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm</a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2006 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 6 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 5 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">
<div style="font-size: small;">
TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: small;">
TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017 </div>
<div style="font-size: small;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: small;">
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-size: small;">
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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Sunday, March 20, 2016</div>
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Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div>
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<br /></div>
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Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Monday, October 26, 2015 </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Sunday, September 27, 2015</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">TEXAS CONFIRMATION OF BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION IN ONE SAMPLE OF SORGHUM DDGS OUT OF 168 DG SAMPLES</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/texas-confirmation-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/09/texas-confirmation-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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*** STRICTLY IN CONFIDENCE ***</div>
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BSE </div>
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S33/94</div>
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Sampling of Ruminant Feeding Stuffs For Ruminant Protein</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040524080049/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/09/29003001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20040524080049/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/09/29003001.pdf</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
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<br /></div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
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<br /></div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">2012-2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Newberry Feed & Farm, Inc. 2/14/14 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Department of Health and Human Services logoDepartment of Health and Human Services</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Public Health Service</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Food and Drug Administration</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> Atlanta District Office</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">60 8th St., NE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atlanta, GA 30309 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">February 14, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">VIA UPS J. Clint Layne, President/Co-owner Rhett Baker, Secretary-Treasurer/Co-owner Newberry Feed & Farm Center, Inc. 131 Giff Street Newberry, SC 29108</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> WARNING LETTER (14-ATL-04) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Dear Messrs. Layne and Baker,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> An inspection of your feed mill located at 2431 Vincent Street, Newberry, SC 29108 conducted by Investigators from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and South Carolina Department of Agriculture on September 5-9, 2013 revealed significant violations of Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) regulations for Medicated Feeds found in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 225 (21 C.F.R. 225). Such violations cause the medicated feeds manufactured at your facility to be adulterated within the meaning of Section 501(a)(2)(B) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) [21 U.S.C. § 351(a)(2)(B)] in that the methods used in, or the facilities or controls used for the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of the medicated feeds do not conform to or are not operated or administered in conformity with current good manufacturing practices. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> The inspection also revealed significant violations of the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Animal feeds and feed ingredients containing prohibited mammalian proteins are considered potentially injurious to ruminant and public health. Because you failed to comply with the requirements set forth in 21 C.F.R. 589.2000, the feed products manufactured and distributed by your facility are adulterated within the meaning of Section 402(a)(4) of the Act [21 U.S.C. 342(a)(4)] in that they have been prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions whereby they may have become contaminated with filth or rendered injurious to health. The adulterated feed was subsequently misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(a)(1) of the Act [21 U.S.C. 343(a)(1)] because it was not properly labeled with the required BSE cautionary statement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> Medicated Feed CGMP violations observed during the inspection include, but are not limited to, the following: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1. You failed to ensure that all equipment that comes in contact with the active drug component, feeds in process or finished medicated feed is subject to reasonable and effective procedures to prevent unsafe contamination of feeds with drugs. [21 C.F.R. 225.65(b)] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Your written equipment cleaning procedure that requires flushing with a minimum of (b)(4) does not appear to be effective to prevent unsafe contamination of your manufactured feed. During the inspection, our Investigators observed a build-up of feed residue on surfaces inside the mixer that was approximately three inches thick in accumulation. This build-up was observed on the equipment throughout the inspection, including after flushing had been performed. In addition, the cleaning procedure does not include cleaning of the hand-add chute or scoops/buckets used to handle ingredients that are then used to manufacture medicated feed. During the inspection, our Investigators observed a build-up of feed residues approximately four inches thick on the inside of the chute used to add the drug ingredients and other “hand-adds”. Considering the extent of residue accumulation—some of which would include the drug sources used in your medicated feeds—on surfaces in the mixer and the hand-add chute, it is likely that chunks of this material break off periodically, and may sometimes end up in feeds not intended to contain that drug. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> This is a repeat observation from the July 24-26, 2012 inspection. Your response to the Form FDA 483, Inspectional Observations, issued to you following the 2012 inspection stated the buckets and scoops would be replaced, and you would schedule a regular cleaning of the equipment every (b)(4). Based on the accumulation of residual feed observed on manufacturing equipment during the inspection and which remained following flushing, you have either failed to implement the promised corrective action or you have failed to ensure that the corrective action was lasting and effective in preventing the violation from recurring. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">On October 3, 2013, we received your response to the Form FDA 483 issued to you following the September 2013 inspection. You state in your response that you have posted signs, added cleaning of the dump chute to the (b)(4) cleaning procedure, and increased the physical cleaning of the mixer to (b)(4). You also state that dedicated scoops will be used for each component or drug and have ordered disposable liners for the buckets that will be discarded following each dumping of product. However, you did not provide any documentation to demonstrate these changes have been made, such as photos of the new sign or newly cleaned equipment, or copies of the revised cleaning procedure. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2. You failed to investigate and implement corrective action where the results of assays indicated that the level of drug in medicated feed was not in accord with label specifications or not within permissible assay limits. An original or copy of the record of such action must be maintained on the premises. [21 C.F.R. 225.58(d)]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> Your firm failed to adequately investigate and implement corrective action when you received an assay result on 6/21/13 for a Type C medicated feed containing Amprolium, showing the drug present at 73% of the concentration stated on the label. This assay result is outside of the assay limits of 80-120% established in 21 C.F.R. 558.4. The subsequent review of production and inventory records conducted by your firm revealed these records were “OK”, and it was determined the feed sample was taken incorrectly. Your firm’s “\investigation sheet” dated 6/21/13 states the corrective action as “[t]rying to make sure the samples are taken correctly.” No technique or procedural changes were made in response to the described corrective action, however. Thus, your firm failed to implement any corrective action in response to the out of specification assay result. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Your firm also received assay results for a Type C medicated broiler feed containing a Salinomycin concentration of 75% on 7/7/12 and 78% on 8/3/12. These assay results are outside the specification tolerance of 80-120% of the concentration stated on the label. [21 C.F.R. 558.4]. Your firm did not initiate any investigation or corrective action after receiving these results. Failure to investigate and implement corrective action following an out-of-limits assay is a repeat observation from the July 24-26, 2012 inspection.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> In your response to the Form FDA 483 issued to you following the September 2013 inspection, you state that you have instructed personnel further on completing the investigation form and have also added sampling instructions to the procedures manual. However, you did not provide copies of the new/revised investigation form or the revisions to the procedures manual discussing sampling. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">3. Your daily inventory records fail to record the batches or production runs (or lots) of medicated feed in which each drug was used. [21 C.F.R. 225.42(b)(6)(iii)] Although your daily inventory records appear to contain all of the other required information, due to the way the form is designed, there is only space to record one batch per day per drug and no space to record the name of the product, lot number, or other identifier for that batch. Your daily inventory record must reflect every batch or lot of medicated feed manufactured each day. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">4. You failed to document in the daily inventory record actions taken to reconcile any discrepancies in the daily inventory record. [21 C.F.R. 225.42(b)(6)(v)] For example, the drug inventory conducted on 8/30/13 revealed a discrepancy with respect to one fifty pound bag of (b)(4)(a Type A medicated article). It does not appear that your firm took any action to reconcile this discrepancy. You state in your response to both #3 and #4 above that you have added an area to the inventory control sheet to report any drugs that do not reconcile, and that there is a space to make notes and/or adjustments to inventory to ensure they reconcile. However, you did not indicate that the inventory control sheet had been adjusted to provide for the possibility that any single drug may be used more than once a day, and you did not provide any documentation—such as a copy of the revised form—to demonstrate that these changes have been made. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> 5. You have failed to properly identify, store, handle, and control drugs in your mixing areas to maintain their integrity and identity [21 C.F.R. 225.42(b)(4)]. Our inspection found that your firm was storing bags of Type A Medicated Articles in a manner and location that allowed them to be covered in bird droppings.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> This finding also relates to your obligations under 21 C.F.R. 225.20(b)(2) and (3), which requires the facility to be maintained in a reasonably clean and orderly manner, and for access by birds and other pests to be minimized. During the September 5-6, 2013 inspection, our Investigators observed birds (greater than ten) nesting, flying, perched and foraging in the mill. Your response indicated that you are investigating ways to keep birds out of the mill, but that you did not yet have a plan at that time. You indicated that you would have a plan in place by November 1, 2013, but did not provide further information regarding any plan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> In addition, the following violations of the Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed regulation [21 C.F.R. 589.2000] were observed during the inspection: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1. You failed to use clean out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to feeds that may be used for ruminants [21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(iii)(B)]. Your feed is therefore adulterated under Section 402(a)(4) [21 U.S.C. 342(a)(4)] of the Act. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Because your firm uses animal proteins prohibited from use in ruminant feeds, and also makes feeds for ruminants, you are required to have a cleanout procedure adequate to prevent carryover into ruminant feeds. As noted above, our Investigators observed a significant build-up of feed residues inside the feed mixer and the hand-add chute, which remained following your cleanout procedure. This equipment is used for processing both proteins derived from mammalian tissues and feeds for ruminants. Since flushing was ineffective in removing the accumulated feed from the equipment, your clean out procedure was inadequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to feeds intended for ruminant animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Your response indicates that your corrective actions for this item are the same as for Item 1 above. However, as noted above, you did not provide any documentation to demonstrate that the changes you discussed have been made, or that they were adequate to address this issue. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2. You failed to label all products which contained or may have contained prohibited materials and that are intended for use in animal feed with the BSE cautionary statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." [21 C.F.R. 589.2000(e)(1)(i).] </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">As discussed above, your clean out procedure is inadequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to feeds intended for ruminant animals. Thus, all feeds manufactured using your mixer and hand-add chute that did not contain the BSE cautionary statement “Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants,” are misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) [21 U.S.C. 343(a)(1)] of the Act. For example, a batch of Carolina Choice Beef Conditioner Custom Mix (b)(4), manufactured on September 6, 2013, while there was a significant build-up of feed residues in the feed mixer, was misbranded as its label did not contain the required BSE cautionary statement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The above is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a medicated and non-medicated feed manufacturer, you are responsible for assuring that your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish procedures whereby such violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory and/or administrative sanctions. These sanctions include, but are not limited to, seizure, injunction, and/or notice of opportunity for a hearing on a proposal to withdraw approval of your Medicated Feed Mill License under Section 512(m)(4)(B)(ii) of the Act and 21 C.F.R. 515.22(c)(2). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Based on the results of the September 5-9, 2013 inspection, evaluated together with the evidence before FDA when the Medicated Feed Mill License was approved, the methods used in, or the facilities and controls used for, the manufacture, processing, and packing of medicated feeds are inadequate to assure and preserve the identity, strength, quality, and purity of the new animal drugs therein. This letter constitutes official notification under the law and provides you an opportunity to correct the above described violations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">You should notify this office, in writing, within fifteen (15) working days of the receipt of this letter of the steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include an explanation of each step being taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. In your response, please include the timeframe in which the corrections will be completed and provide any documentation that will effectively assist us in evaluating whether the corrective actions have been made and the adequacy of such. If you are unable to complete the corrective actions within fifteen (15) working days, identify the reason for the delay and the time within which you will complete the corrections. Include copies of any available documentation demonstrating that corrections have been made. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Your written response should be sent to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Attn: Janice L. King, Compliance Officer, at the address noted in the letterhead. If you have questions, please contact Mrs. King at 843-746-2990 or write her at the noted address. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sincerely, /S/ Philip S. Campbell Acting District Director Atlanta District Office </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">cc: South Carolina Department of Agriculture, Phillip C. Trefsgar </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/2014/ucm387448.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/2014/ucm387448.htm</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Rocky Ford Pet Foods 8/27/13 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Department of Health and Human Services logoDepartment of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Denver District Office Bldg. 20-Denver Federal Center P.O. Box 25087 6th Avenue & Kipling Street Denver, Colorado 80225-0087 Telephone: 303-236-3000 FAX: 303-236-3100 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">August 27, 2013 WARNING LETTER </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">VIA UPS Overnight </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Mr. Juan Manuel Villegas Owner Rocky Ford Pet Foods 21693 Highway 50 East Rocky Ford, CO 81067 Ref. #: DEN-13-20-WL </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Dear Mr. Villegas: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">On February 25-27, 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted an inspection of your rendering facility located at 21693 Highway 50 East, Rocky Ford, Colorado. This inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in FDA regulations intended to reduce the risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) within the United States. These regulations are found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Section 589.2000 (21 CFR 589.2000), Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed, and Section 589.2001 (21 CFR 589.2001), Cattle Materials Prohibited in Animal Food or Feed to Prevent the Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. These regulations address how renderers process (1) mammalian proteins prohibited from use in ruminant food or feed and (2) materials designated as “cattle materials prohibited in animal food or feed” (CMPAF) which are prohibited from use in animal food or feed. CMPAF include, but are not limited to: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The brain and spinal cord of cattle 30 months of age or older; The entire carcass of cattle infected with BSE; and The entire carcass of cattle 30 months of age or older that have not been inspected and passed for human consumption if the brains and spinal cords were not removed or otherwise effectively excluded from animal feed. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Your failure to follow certain requirements of these regulations, as described below, resulted in products manufactured and distributed by your facilities being adulterated within the meaning of Section 402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), [21 U.S.C. 342(a)(4)] and misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(f) of the Act, [21 U.S.C. 343(f)]. You can find the Act, and its implementing regulations on the Internet through links on the FDA’s web page at www.fda.gov. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Our inspection revealed the following serious deviations from the regulations at your rendering facility: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Failure to prevent the inclusion of cattle materials prohibited in animal feed (CMPAF) in animal feed or feed ingredients, as required by 21 CFR 589.2001(c)(1). Specifically, on February 25, 2013, our investigator observed that the unmarked CMPAF posterior sections of vertebral columns for two cows, identified by your firm as older than 30 months of age, were separated from the rest of the marked CMPAF material from those animals. The unmarked CMPAF material was then commingled with 18 additional posterior vertebral columns and placed in a trailer for shipment to another renderer for further processing and possible use in animal feed. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">You removed all 20 posterior vertebral columns from the trailer during the inspection and stated that you would dispose of them in a landfill. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Failure to maintain adequate written procedures specifying how the process of removing the brain and spinal cord from cattle not inspected and passed for human consumption or 30 months of age or older is carried out, as required by 21 CFR 589.2001(c)(2)(ii). Specifically, your written procedure “Rocky Ford Ped [sic] Food Standard Operating Procedure for handling 30 month and older Beef and CMPAF Products” indicates that the head, vertebral column, and rib cage for cattle 30 months of age and older are kept in one piece. This written procedure is not consistent with actual operations observed at your firm on February 26, 2013. Our investigator observed that posterior vertebral columns from two cows 30 months of age or older were separated from the animals’ heads and anterior vertebral columns; the posterior sections were not marked as CMPAF material. Your written procedures fail to specify how, for animals 30 months of age or older, posterior vertebral columns separated from marked anterior vertebral columns would themselves be marked as CMPAF material. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Failure to mark the CMPAF and products that contain or may contain CMPAF with an agent that can be readily detected on visual inspection, as required by 21 CFR 589.2001(c)(2)(v). Specifically, the posterior sections of vertebra columns from cattle identified by your firm as 30 months of age or older were separated from the head and anterior vertebral columns but then were not identified as CMPAF with an agent readily detectable on visual examination. Therefore, the CMPAF posterior vertebral columns were indistinguishable from the non-CMPAF posterior vertebral columns. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Failure to label containers, including vehicles when used as containers, which contain CMPAF with the required statement, “Do not feed to animals,” as required by 21 CFR 589.2001(c)(2)(iv). Specifically, the dump truck and trailer used for storage and transport of CMPAF materials did not bear the statement “Do not feed to animals.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Failure to avoid cross-contamination once CMPAF have been separated from other cattle materials as required by 21 CFR 589.2001(c)(2)(iii). Specifically, both marked and unmarked CMPAF were observed to be stored on the floor of the processing area rather than in separate containers that adequately prevent contact with animal feed, animal feed ingredients, or equipment surfaces, 21 CFR 589.2001(c)(2)(iii)(B). As described in item #1 above, the unmarked materials were indistinguishable from non-CMPAF materials and could result in cross-contamination. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">This letter is not intended to serve as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without further notice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">You should notify this office in writing of the steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law within fifteen (15) working days of receiving this letter. Your response should include each step that has been taken or will be taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within fifteen (15) working days, state the reason for the delay and the timeframe within which the corrections will be completed. Please include copies of supporting documentation demonstrating that corrections have been made. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Your written response should be sent to: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, P.O. Box 25087, 6th Ave. and Kipling St., DFC, Bldg 20, Denver, CO 80225-0087, Attn: Sarah A. Della Fave, Compliance Officer. If you have any questions about this letter, please contact Ms. Della Fave at (303) 236-3006. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sincerely, /S/ LaTonya Mitchell District Director </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> cc: Ronald K. Jones, D.V.M. Denver District Manager USDA/FSIS PO Box 25387 DFC, Bldg 45 Denver, CO 80225</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> Laurel Hamling Colorado Department of Agriculture Feed Program 2331 W. 31st Avenue Denver, CO 80211</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/2013/ucm366806.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.fda.gov/iceci/enforcementactions/warningletters/2013/ucm366806.htm</a></div>
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Product Description: CalDensity Black Label, CalDensity White Label with HA, packaged in white plastic 5, 15, 25, 40, 60 lb pails with plastic liner and white plastic lid. </div>
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Reason for Recall: During an FDA inspection it was found that the CalDensity Black label and CalDensity White Label with HA product containers did not include the precautionary statement </div>
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DO NOT FEED TO CATTLE OR OTHER RUMINANTS </div>
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Product Quantity: 50,935 lbs </div>
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Recall Number: V-209-2012 Code Information: 042009, 051009, 061209, 071509, 091009, 011510, 030310, 031610, 052610, 092410, 120110, 011211, 020111, 030911, 050111, 071111 & 090111. </div>
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Classification: Class II Event Details</div>
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Event ID: 61880 </div>
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Voluntary / Mandated: Voluntary: </div>
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Firm Initiated Product Type: Veterinary Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public: E-Mail Status: </div>
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Terminated Distribution Pattern: </div>
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Nationwide distribution: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NE, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TX, UT, VA, WA & WV. </div>
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No shipments were made to foreign countries including Canada. </div>
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Recalling Firm: Process Managers LLC 485 Gawthrope Dr Winchester, KY 40391-8910 United States Recall Initiation Date: 1/6/2012 Center Classification Date: 9/7/2012 Date Terminated: 1/24/2014 </div>
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<a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch</a></div>
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2012-2013</div>
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Product Description: Regular Chicken 50# </div>
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Ingredients: Corn, Wheat, Oats, Oyster shells, Medium Grit, CCC, ADS, Plant Protein Products, Animal Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Roughage Products, Animal Fat procession with DHA, etc </div>
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Reason for Recall: During an FDA sample collection, the firms 50# Regular Chicken Feed was found to contain mammalian protein. The label does not contain the warning statement. </div>
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Product Quantity: 5400lbs (50lb bags) </div>
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Recall Number: V-137-2013 Code Information: 8/6/2012 Classification: </div>
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Class III Event Details</div>
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Event ID: 63743 </div>
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Voluntary / Mandated: </div>
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Voluntary: </div>
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Firm Initiated Product Type: </div>
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Veterinary Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public: </div>
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Other Status: Terminated </div>
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Distribution Pattern: Midland MI area only. </div>
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Recalling Firm: Cohoons Elevator Inc. 802 Townsend St Midland, MI 48640-5362 United States </div>
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Recall Initiation Date: 11/21/2012 Center Classification Date: 2/8/2013 Date Terminated: 2/12/2013 </div>
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<a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">2007 MAD COW FEED BAN BREACH 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</span></div>
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PRODUCT</div>
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Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling’s 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div>
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CODE</div>
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Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
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Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
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REASON</div>
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Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross-contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
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42,090 lbs.</div>
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DISTRIBUTION</div>
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WI </div>
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PRODUCT</div>
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Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot-Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI – 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J – PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A-BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div>
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CODE</div>
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The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
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Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
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REASON</div>
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Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
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9,997,976 lbs.</div>
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DISTRIBUTION</div>
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ID and NV</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div>
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<a href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Tfx9dduMyQEJ:https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm120446.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Tfx9dduMyQEJ:https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm120446.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us</a></div>
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ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE 2006</div>
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RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div>
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______________________________ </div>
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PRODUCT</div>
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a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div>
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b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div>
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c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div>
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d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div>
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e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div>
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f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div>
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g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div>
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h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div>
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i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div>
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j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div>
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k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div>
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l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div>
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m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6</div>
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CODE</div>
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Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
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Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div>
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REASON</div>
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Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div>
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125 tons</div>
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DISTRIBUTION</div>
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AL and FL </div>
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______________________________</div>
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PRODUCT</div>
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Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6</div>
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CODE</div>
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All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
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Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
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REASON</div>
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The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
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27,694,240 lbs</div>
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DISTRIBUTION</div>
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MI </div>
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______________________________</div>
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PRODUCT</div>
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Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div>
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CODE</div>
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None</div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
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Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
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REASON</div>
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Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
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?????</div>
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DISTRIBUTION</div>
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KY</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div>
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###</div>
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<a href="http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div>
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=====</div>
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PRODUCT </div>
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Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div>
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CODE</div>
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No code or lot number.</div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div>
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Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK, by telephone on May 21, 2009. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
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REASON</div>
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Product may have contained prohibited materials without cautionary statement on the label.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div>
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208,820 pounds</div>
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DISTRIBUTION</div>
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TX</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 26, 2009</div>
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###</div>
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<a href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm</a></div>
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Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL KY VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div>
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Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:19 pm PST </div>
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PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6 </div>
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CODE None </div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. </div>
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Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div>
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DISTRIBUTION KY </div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div>
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### </div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div>
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MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67 </div>
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RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II </div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________ </span></div>
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PRODUCT a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div>
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b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div>
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c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div>
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d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div>
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CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div>
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Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
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REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal. </div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons </div>
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DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div>
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###</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div>
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Subject: MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTER ISSUED MAY 17, 2006 </div>
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Date: June 27, 2006 at 7:42 am PST Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration</div>
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New Orleans District 297 Plus Park Blvd. Nashville, TN 37217</div>
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Telephone: 615-781-5380 Fax: 615-781-5391</div>
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May 17, 2006</div>
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WARNING LETTER NO. 2006-NOL-06</div>
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FEDERAL EXPRESS OVERNIGHT DELIVERY</div>
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Mr. William Shirley, Jr., Owner Louisiana.DBA Riegel By-Products 2621 State Street Dallas, Texas 75204</div>
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Dear Mr. Shirley:</div>
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On February 12, 17, 21, and 22, 2006, a U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) investigator inspected your rendering plant, located at 509 Fortson Street, Shreveport, Louisiana. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 [21 CFR 589.2000], Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation; products being manufactured and distributed by your facility are misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).</div>
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Our investigation found you failed to provide measures, including sufficient written procedures, to prevent commingling or cross-contamination and to maintain sufficient written procedures [21 CFR 589.2000(e)] because:</div>
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You failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into animal protein or feeds which may be used for ruminants. For example, your facility uses the same equipment to process mammalian and poultry tissues. However, you use only hot water to clean the cookers between processing tissues from each species. You do not clean the auger, hammer mill, grinder, and spouts after processing mammalian tissues.</div>
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You failed to maintain written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures or other means to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into feeds which may be used for ruminants.</div>
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As a result . the poultry meal you manufacture may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues prohibited in ruminant feed. Pursuant to 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i), any products containing or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues must be labeled, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Since you failed to label a product which may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues with the required cautionary statement. the poultry meal is misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Act.</div>
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This letter is not intended as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.</div>
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You should notify this office in writing within 15 working days of receiving this letter, outlining the specific steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include an explanation of each step taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within 15 working days, state the reason for the delay and the date by which the corrections will be completed. Include copies of any available documentation demonstrating corrections have been made.</div>
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Your reply should be directed to Mark W. Rivero, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2424 Edenborn Avenue, Suite 410, Metairie, Louisiana 70001. If you have questions regarding any issue in this letter, please contact Mr. Rivero at (504) 219-8818, extension 103.</div>
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Sincerely,</div>
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/S</div>
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Carol S. Sanchez Acting District Director New Orleans District </div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm</a></div>
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PLEASE NOTE, THE FDA URLS FOR OLD WARNING LETTERS ARE OBSOLETE AND DO NOT WORK IN MOST CASES. I LOOKED UP THE OLD ONE ABOVE AND FOUND IT, BUT HAVE NOT DONE THAT FOR THE OTHERS TO FOLLOW. THE DATA IS VALID THOUGH! </div>
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Subject: MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE USA 2006 RECALL UPDATE </div>
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From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <[log in to unmask]> </div>
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Reply-To: SAFETY <[log in to unmask]> </div>
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Date: Mon, 9 Oct 2006 14:10:37 -0500 </div>
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Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS </div>
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IN COMMERCE AL, TN, AND WV </div>
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Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST</div>
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PRODUCT a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6; b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6; c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6; d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6. CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. </div>
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Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
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REASON Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons </div>
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DISTRIBUTION AL</div>
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______________________________</div>
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snip...</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div>
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Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALLS ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 KY, LA, MS, AL, GA, AND TN 11,000+ TONS </div>
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Date: August 16, 2006 at 9:19 am PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II</div>
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PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6 </div>
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CODE None </div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div>
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REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div>
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PRODUCT </div>
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a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6; </div>
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b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6; </div>
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c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6; </div>
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d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6; </div>
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e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6; </div>
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f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6; </div>
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g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6 </div>
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CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 </div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
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REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div>
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DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div>
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Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS</div>
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Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div>
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Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div>
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PRODUCT </div>
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a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div>
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b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div>
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c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div>
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e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div>
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f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div>
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g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div>
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h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div>
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i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div>
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j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div>
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k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div>
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l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div>
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m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div>
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CODE </div>
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Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div>
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REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div>
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MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div>
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RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div>
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a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div>
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b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div>
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c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div>
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d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div>
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CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div>
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RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div>
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Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div>
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REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div>
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DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div>
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Office of Inspector General Semiannual Report to Congress FY 2007 - 2nd Half</div>
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Two Texas Companies Sentenced and Fined for Misbranding Meat Products In April 2007, two closely held and related Texas companies pled guilty in Federal court and were sentenced to 12 months of probation and ordered to pay $10,250 in fines for misbranding meat products. One of the companies sold adulterated meat products to a retail store in New Mexico. Additionally, portions of the invoices failed to properly and consistently identify the meat products as being from cattle more than 30 months old at time of slaughter. This information is required to be disclosed because of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") concerns. No adulterated meat reached consumers.</div>
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<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc071212.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc071212.pdf</a></div>
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Saturday, August 29, 2009</div>
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FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div>
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Friday, September 4, 2009</div>
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FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div>
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Thursday, March 19, 2009</div>
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MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">cwd to pig, orally ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Author item Moore, Sarah item Kunkle, Robert item Kondru, Naveen item Manne, Sireesha item Smith, Jodi item Kanthasamy, Anumantha item West Greenlee, M item Greenlee, Justin</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). Conclusions:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...see much more here ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 05, 2017</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease</span></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/04/disease-associated-prion-protein.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, AUGUST 14, 2017 </div>
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Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2017/08/experimental-transmission-of-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2017/08/experimental-transmission-of-chronic.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2017/08/experimental-transmission-of-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2017/08/experimental-transmission-of-chronic.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 2017</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">BSE MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE PET FOOD FEED IN COMMERCE INDUSTRY VS TERRY S. SINGELTARY Sr. A REVIEW</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">''I have a neighbor who is a dairy farmer. He tells me that he knows of several farmers who feed their cattle expired dog food. These farmers are unaware of any dangers posed to their cattle from the pet food contents. For these farmers, the pet food is just another source of protein.''</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2017/11/bse-mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-pet-food.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2017/11/bse-mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-pet-food.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">FDA 589.2000, Section 21 C.F.R. Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed WARNING Letters and FEED MILL VIOLATIONS OBSERVATIONS 2017 to 2006</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/11/fda-5892000-section-21-cfr-animal.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/11/fda-5892000-section-21-cfr-animal.html</a></span></div>
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OFFICIAL REPORT U.K. GOVERNMENT DEFRA</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Several different animal feed products are imported into GB from North America. These include processed pet foods and consignments of unfinished feed ingredients for use in animal feed. The amount of imported feed, including pet food, that contains cervid protein is unknown and identified as a significant data gap. As non-ruminant animal feed may be produced with cervid protein (but not from positive CWD animals) in the United States (US), there is a greater than negligible risk that feed with cervid protein is imported from North America into GB. There is, however, uncertainty associated with this estimate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible. For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">snip...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></span></span></div>
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Thursday, April 07, 2016</div>
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What is the risk of chronic wasting disease being introduced into Great Britain? An updated Qualitative Risk Assessment March 2016</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/what-is-risk-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/what-is-risk-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2017 </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"></span><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">
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EFSA asked to review risk from processed animal proteins in feed PIG PAP and CWD TSE Prion Oral Transmission</div>
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<a href="http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-asked-to-review-risk-from.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-asked-to-review-risk-from.html</a></div>
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<a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2009/01/tafs1-position-paper-on-specified-risk.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.3333px;" target="_blank">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2009/01/tafs1-position-paper-on-specified-risk.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA BSE Sixty cases of mad cow disease since 2001 breached feed ban likely the cause </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/efsa-bse-sixty-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/efsa-bse-sixty-cases-of-mad-cow-disease.html</a></span></div>
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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 06, 2017 </div>
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Canada and USA Scrapie BSE TSE Prion Update October 5 2017</div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2017/10/canada-and-usa-scrapie-bse-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2017/10/canada-and-usa-scrapie-bse-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 4, 2017 </div>
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EFSA Scientific Report on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE-Risk (GBR) of the United States of America (USA) a review 2017</div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-scientific-report-on-assessment-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2017/10/efsa-scientific-report-on-assessment-of.html</a></div>
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O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations</div>
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Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France</div>
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Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods.</div>
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*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period,</div>
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***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014),</div>
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***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE),</div>
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***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div>
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We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.</div>
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***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases***</div>
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***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div>
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Saturday, April 23, 2016</div>
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Scrapie ZOONOSIS PRION CONFERENCE TOKYO 2016</div>
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*** SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016 ***</div>
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Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X</div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SUNDAY, JULY 30, 2017 PRION2017 Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue P169 Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr. Christine Fast1, Dr. Markus Keller2, Dr. Ute Ziegler3, Prof. Dr. Martin Groschup4 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany, 2Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany, 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany, 4Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Aims: Specified Risk Materials (SRM) are the animal tissues potentially containing the highest levels of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) prions; and their removal is the most important consumer protection measure against BSE. BSE infectivity in the mesentery fat is most likely associated with embedded nervous tissue. To date, it is unclear if contamination of the rendered fat could have occurred during tallow production at a slaughterhouse.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Methods: Samples were taken from five cattle originating from the German BSE pathogenesis study. Two animals were at preclinical, one at late preclinical and one animal at clinical stage of disease; one control animal was included. For all cattle, mouse bioassay results for the celiac and mesenteric ganglion complex (CMGC) were generated previously, showing either no, mild, moderate or substantial infectivity loads. Fat was rendered from CMGC samples embedded in mesentery fat by incubating for 20 minutes at 95°C, according to standard tallow production methods. Subsequently, the melted fat was 1:5 diluted in physiological saline and thoroughly vortexed. The liquid fat was cleaned by a short centrifugation at 10.000 rpm. Finally, 7-12 bovine prion protein overexpressing transgenic mice (Tgbov XV) were i.c. inoculated with 25-30 μl of the supernatant. Mice were sacrificed after 730 days or when showing clinical symptoms and mouse brains were subsequently examined by biochemical and immunohistochemical methods.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Results: Neither the control and the preclinical nor the late preclinical animals showed signs of infectivity in mouse bioassay of the fat samples after up to 730 days p.i. In contrast, low levels of infectivity were detected in the fat of the clinical animal as one mouse displayed a clear accumulation of pathological prion protein in the brain after an incubation period of 598 days p.i.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Conclusions: Our results clearly indicate the potential contamination of melted mesenteric fat by embedded nervous structures during standard tallow production. However, the BSE infectivity level was weak and detectable only in the fat rendered from one sample with documented high infectivity load in the ganglion itself (Kaatz et al. 2012). Albeit, this study is not representative as only one clinical animal was included, it provides a proof of principle. A broader examination would allow a better insight into temporal and spatial distribution pattern of BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissues of different origins.Such estimates have a critical role in qualitative and quantitative risk assessments and in providing advice on the designation and removal of certain SRM tissues.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/prion2017-low-levels-of-classical-bse.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/prion2017-low-levels-of-classical-bse.html</a></span></span></div>
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--->CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION REALITY ON THE REAL THREAT OF ZOONOSIS ZOONOTIC DISEASE<---</div>
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Subject: ***CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat</div>
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CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat </div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) </div>
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Prevention </div>
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If CWD could spread to people, it would most likely be through eating of infected deer and elk. In a 2006-2007 CDC survey of U.S. residents, nearly 20 percent of those surveyed said they had hunted deer or elk and more than two-thirds said they had eaten venison or elk meat. However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div>
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Hunters must consider many factors when determining whether to eat meat from deer and elk harvested from areas with CWD, including the level of risk they are willing to accept. Hunters harvesting wild deer and elk from areas with reported CWD should check state wildlife and public health guidance to see whether testing of animals is recommended or required in a given state or region. In areas where CWD is known to be present, CDC recommends that hunters strongly consider having those animals tested before eating the meat. </div>
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Tests for CWD are monitoring tools that some state wildlife officials use to look at the rates of CWD in certain animal populations. Testing may not be available in every state, and states may use these tests in different ways. A negative test result does not guarantee that an individual animal is not infected with CWD, but it does make it considerably less likely and may reduce your risk of exposure to CWD. </div>
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To be as safe as possible and decrease their potential risk of exposure to CWD, hunters should take the following steps when hunting in areas with CWD: </div>
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Do not shoot, handle or eat meat from deer and elk that look sick or are acting strangely or are found dead (road-kill). When field-dressing a deer: Wear latex or rubber gloves when dressing the animal or handling the meat. Minimize how much you handle the organs of the animal, particularly the brain or spinal cord tissues. Do not use household knives or other kitchen utensils for field dressing. Check state wildlife and public health guidance to see whether testing of animals is recommended or required. Recommendations vary by state, but information about testing is available from many state wildlife agencies. Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat. If you have your deer or elk commercially processed, consider asking that your animal be processed individually to avoid mixing meat from multiple animals. If your animal tests positive for CWD, do not eat meat from that animal. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service regulates commercially farmed deer and elk. The agency operates a national CWD herd certification program. As part of the voluntary program, states and individual herd owners agree to meet requirements meant to decrease the risk of CWD in their herds. Privately owned herds that do not participate in the herd certification program may be at increased risk for CWD. </div>
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Page last reviewed: August 17, 2017 Page last updated: August 17, 2017 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP) </div>
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<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/prevention.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/prevention.html</a></div>
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> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div>
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key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div>
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LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ </div>
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*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div>
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Molecular Barriers to Zoonotic Transmission of Prions </div>
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*** chronic wasting disease, there was no absolute barrier to conversion of the human prion protein. </div>
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*** Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype. </div>
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<a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm</a></div>
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TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2017 </div>
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CDC Now Recommends Strongly consider having the deer or elk tested for CWD before you eat the meat </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/cdc-now-recommends-strongly-consider.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/09/cdc-now-recommends-strongly-consider.html</a></div>
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2017 PRION CONFERENCE </div>
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First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress </div>
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Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </div>
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University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </div>
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This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. 21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </div>
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Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </div>
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At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </div>
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PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </div>
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Subject: PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS VIDEO </div>
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PRION 2017 CONFERENCE DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </div>
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*** PRION 2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO </div>
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a></div>
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<a href="http://prion2017.org/programme/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prion2017.org/programme/</a></div>
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TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2017</div>
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PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT </div>
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First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-first.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-first.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, JULY 04, 2017</div>
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*** PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS ON CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION ***</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/prion-2017-conference-abstracts-on.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/prion-2017-conference-abstracts-on.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, JUNE 13, 2017</div>
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PRION 2017 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT Chronic Wasting Disease in European moose is associated with PrPSc features different from North American CWD</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-chronic.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, May 24, 2017 </div>
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PRION2017 CONFERENCE VIDEO UPDATE 23 – 26 May 2017 Edinburgh UPDATE 1 </div>
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<a href="http://prionprp.blogspot.com/2017/05/prion2017-conference-video-update-23-26.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionprp.blogspot.com/2017/05/prion2017-conference-video-update-23-26.html</a></div>
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SATURDAY, JULY 29, 2017 </div>
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Risk Advisory Opinion: Potential Human Health Risks from Chronic Wasting Disease CFIA, PHAC, HC (HPFB and FNIHB), INAC, Parks Canada, ECCC and AAFC </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/risk-advisory-opinion-potential-human.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/07/risk-advisory-opinion-potential-human.html</a></div>
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Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div>
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Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div>
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Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840 Next Section ABSTRACT</div>
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a neurodegenerative prion disease of cervids. Some animal prion diseases, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, can infect humans; however, human susceptibility to CWD is unknown. In ruminants, prion infectivity is found in central nervous system and lymphoid tissues, with smaller amounts in intestine and muscle. In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species.</div>
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<a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a></div>
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Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div>
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Rachel C. Angers1,*, Shawn R. Browning1,*,†, Tanya S. Seward2, Christina J. Sigurdson4,‡, Michael W. Miller5, Edward A. Hoover4, Glenn C. Telling1,2,3,§ ↵* These authors contributed equally to this work. ↵† Present address: Department of Infectology, Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA. ↵‡ Present address: Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. + See all authors and affiliations Science 24 Feb 2006: Vol. 311, Issue 5764, pp. 1117 DOI: 10.1126/science.1122864 Article Figures & Data Info & Metrics eLetters PDF You are currently viewing the abstract.</div>
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View Full Text</div>
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Abstract</div>
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The emergence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk in an increasingly wide geographic area, as well as the interspecies transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans in the form of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, have raised concerns about the zoonotic potential of CWD. Because meat consumption is the most likely means of exposure, it is important to determine whether skeletal muscle of diseased cervids contains prion infectivity. Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure.</div>
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<a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117.long" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117.long</a></div>
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*** WDA 2016 NEW YORK *** </div>
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We found that CWD adapts to a new host more readily than BSE and that human PrP was unexpectedly prone to misfolding by CWD prions. In addition, we investigated the role of specific regions of the bovine, deer and human PrP protein in resistance to conversion by prions from another species. We have concluded that the human protein has a region that confers unusual susceptibility to conversion by CWD prions. </div>
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Student Presentations Session 2 </div>
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The species barriers and public health threat of CWD and BSE prions </div>
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Ms. Kristen Davenport1, Dr. Davin Henderson1, Dr. Candace Mathiason1, Dr. Edward Hoover1 1Colorado State University </div>
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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through cervid populations in the USA. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease) arose in the 1980s because cattle were fed recycled animal protein. These and other prion diseases are caused by abnormal folding of the normal prion protein (PrP) into a disease causing form (PrPd), which is pathogenic to nervous system cells and can cause subsequent PrP to misfold. CWD spreads among cervids very efficiently, but it has not yet infected humans. On the other hand, BSE was spread only when cattle consumed infected bovine or ovine tissue, but did infect humans and other species. The objective of this research is to understand the role of PrP structure in cross-species infection by CWD and BSE. To study the propensity of each species’ PrP to be induced to misfold by the presence of PrPd from verious species, we have used an in vitro system that permits detection of PrPd in real-time. We measured the conversion efficiency of various combinations of PrPd seeds and PrP substrate combinations. We observed the cross-species behavior of CWD and BSE, in addition to feline-adapted CWD and BSE. We found that CWD adapts to a new host more readily than BSE and that human PrP was unexpectedly prone to misfolding by CWD prions. In addition, we investigated the role of specific regions of the bovine, deer and human PrP protein in resistance to conversion by prions from another species. We have concluded that the human protein has a region that confers unusual susceptibility to conversion by CWD prions. CWD is unique among prion diseases in its rapid spread in natural populations. BSE prions are essentially unaltered upon passage to a new species, while CWD adapts to the new species. This adaptation has consequences for surveillance of humans exposed to CWD. </div>
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Wildlife Disease Risk Communication Research Contributes to Wildlife Trust Administration Exploring perceptions about chronic wasting disease risks among wildlife and agriculture professionals and stakeholders </div>
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<a href="http://www.wda2016.org/uploads/5/8/6/1/58613359/wda_2016_conference_proceedings_low_res.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.wda2016.org/uploads/5/8/6/1/58613359/wda_2016_conference_proceedings_low_res.pdf</a></div>
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From: TSS (216-119-163-189.ipset45.wt.net) </div>
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Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ??? </div>
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Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST </div>
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From: "Belay, Ermias" </div>
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To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias" </div>
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Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM </div>
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Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div>
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Dear Sir/Madam, </div>
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In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated. </div>
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Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention </div>
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-----Original Message----- </div>
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From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM </div>
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To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a> </div>
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Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS </div>
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Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM ......snip........end..............TSS </div>
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Thursday, April 03, 2008 </div>
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A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ. </div>
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snip... </div>
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*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***, </div>
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snip... full text ; </div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div>
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I urge everyone to watch this video closely...terry </div>
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*** you can see video here and interview with Jeff's Mom, and scientist telling you to test everything and potential risk factors for humans ***</div>
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<a href="https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html</a></div>
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*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div>
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<a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a></div>
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BSE INQUIRY</div>
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*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). *** </div>
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*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). *** </div>
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*** The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04). </div>
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*** There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02). </div>
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The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08). </div>
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It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05). </div>
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In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ... </div>
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***In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. </div>
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By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS) </div>
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snip...see full report ;</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126073306/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126073306/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a></div>
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you can see more evidence here ;</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">White-tailed deer are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">snip...</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is unlikely that CWD will be eradicated from free-ranging cervids, and the disease is likely to continue to spread geographically [10]. However, the potential that white-tailed deer may be susceptible to sheep scrapie by a natural route presents an additional confounding factor to halting the spread of CWD. This leads to the additional speculations that</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">1) infected deer could serve as a reservoir to infect sheep with scrapie offering challenges to scrapie eradication efforts and</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2) CWD spread need not remain geographically confined to current endemic areas, but could occur anywhere that sheep with scrapie and susceptible cervids cohabitate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">This work demonstrates for the first time that white-tailed deer are susceptible to sheep scrapie by intracerebral inoculation with a high attack rate and that the disease that results has similarities to CWD. These experiments will be repeated with a more natural route of inoculation to determine the likelihood of the potential transmission of sheep scrapie to white-tailed deer. If scrapie were to occur in white-tailed deer, results of this study indicate that it would be detected as a TSE, but may be difficult to differentiate from CWD without in-depth biochemical analysis.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3199251/?tool=pubmed</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2011/10/white-tailed-deer-are-susceptible-to.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">PO-039: A comparison of scrapie and chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Justin Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson US Dept. Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center; Ames, IA USA</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">snip...</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The results of this study suggest that there are many similarities in the manifestation of CWD and scrapie in WTD after IC inoculation including early and widespread presence of PrPSc in lymphoid tissues, clinical signs of depression and weight loss progressing to wasting, and an incubation time of 21-23 months. Moreover, western blots (WB) done on brain material from the obex region have a molecular profile similar to CWD and distinct from tissues of the cerebrum or the scrapie inoculum. However, results of microscopic and IHC examination indicate that there are differences between the lesions expected in CWD and those that occur in deer with scrapie: amyloid plaques were not noted in any sections of brain examined from these deer and the pattern of immunoreactivity by IHC was diffuse rather than plaque-like.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of WTD were susceptible to scrapie.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Deer developed clinical signs of wasting and mental depression and were necropsied from 28 to 33 months PI. Tissues from these deer were positive for PrPSc by IHC and WB. Similar to IC inoculated deer, samples from these deer exhibited two different molecular profiles: samples from obex resembled CWD whereas those from cerebrum were similar to the original scrapie inoculum. On further examination by WB using a panel of antibodies, the tissues from deer with scrapie exhibit properties differing from tissues either from sheep with scrapie or WTD with CWD. Samples from WTD with CWD or sheep with scrapie are strongly immunoreactive when probed with mAb P4, however, samples from WTD with scrapie are only weakly immunoreactive. In contrast, when probed with mAb’s 6H4 or SAF 84, samples from sheep with scrapie and WTD with CWD are weakly immunoreactive and samples from WTD with scrapie are strongly positive. This work demonstrates that WTD are highly susceptible to sheep scrapie, but on first passage, scrapie in WTD is differentiable from CWD.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/03-Prion6-2-Transmission-and-strains.pdf</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;">*** After a natural route of exposure, 100% of white-tailed deer were susceptible to scrapie.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usaha.org/Portals/6/Reports/2011/report-cwal-2011.pdf</a></span></span></div>
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TUESDAY, MARCH 28, 2017 </div>
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*** Passage of scrapie to deer results in a new phenotype upon return passage to sheep ***</div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/03/passage-of-scrapie-to-deer-results-in.html</a></div>
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CWD TO CATTLE</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research, however, suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008). It is apparent, though, that CWD is affecting wild and farmed cervid populations in endemic areas with some deer populations decreasing as a result.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/514401/qra-chronic-wasting-disease.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">price of prion poker goes up for cwd to cattle;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Monday, April 04, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle ***</span></div>
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<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/limited-amplification-of-chronic.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 06, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Experimental transfusion of variant CJD-infected blood reveals previously uncharacterised prion disorder in mice and macaque</span></div>
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''On secondary and tertiary transmissions, however, the proportion of PrPres positive animals gradually increased to almost 100%. </div>
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''Recent communications suggest that a similar situation might exist in other models of experimental exposure to prions involving swine32 and cattle33.'' </div>
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''Experimental transfusion of variant CJD-infected blood reveals previously uncharacterised prion disorder in mice and macaque''</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/11/experimental-transfusion-of-variant-cjd.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/11/experimental-transfusion-of-variant-cjd.html</a></span></div>
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MONDAY, OCTOBER 02, 2017 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease United States of America USA and United Kingdom UK Increasing and Zoonotic Pontential From Different Species</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/10/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 17, 2017 </div>
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*** Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States revisited 2017 Singeltary et al</div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/monitoring-occurrence-of-emerging-forms.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Blood-derived amyloid-β protein induces Alzheimer’s disease pathologies</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2017/11/blood-derived-amyloid-protein-induces.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2017/11/blood-derived-amyloid-protein-induces.html</a></span></div>
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Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div>
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Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div>
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To the Editor: </div>
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In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally. </div>
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Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div>
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1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div>
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<a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-56516182296924861132016-08-25T13:17:00.001-05:002016-08-25T13:17:09.839-05:00FSIS Green Bay Dressed Beef Recalls Beef Products Due To Possible Specified Risk Materials Contamination the most high risk materials for BSE TSE PRION AKA MAD COW TYPE DISEASE<div>
Green Bay Dressed Beef Recalls Beef Products Due To Possible Specified Risk
Materials Contamination Class I Recall 073-2016 Health Risk: High </div>
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Aug 24, 2016 Congressional and Public Affairs Benjamin A. Bell (202) 720-
Press@fsis.usda.gov</div>
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WASHINGTON, Aug. 24, 2016 – Green Bay Dressed Beef, LLC, doing business as
American Foods Group, LLC, a Green Bay, Wis. establishment, is recalling
approximately 7,420 pounds of beef brain products that may be contaminated with
specified risk materials (SRM) the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety
and Inspection Service (FSIS) announced today.</div>
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The beef brains were produced on various dates between April 24, 2016, and
August, 11, 2016. The following products are subject to recall: [View Label (PDF
Only)]</div>
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15-unit cases containing beef brains labeled “AMERICAN FOODS GROUP BEEF
BRAINS <30” and bearing packaging code 06400. The products subject to recall
bear establishment number “EST. 410” inside the USDA mark of inspection. These
items were shipped to a distributor in California.</div>
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The problem was discovered while FSIS inspectors were conducting
verification activities.</div>
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There have been no confirmed reports of adverse reactions or injuries due
to consumption of these products. Anyone concerned about an injury or illness
should contact a healthcare provider. </div>
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Consumers who have purchased these products are urged not to consume them.
These products should be thrown away or returned to the place of purchase.</div>
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FSIS routinely conducts recall effectiveness checks to verify recalling
firms notify their customers of the recall and that steps are taken to make
certain that the product is no longer available to consumers. When available,
the retail distribution list(s) will be posted on the FSIS website at
www.fsis.usda.gov/recalls.</div>
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Consumers and media with questions about the recall can contact Jennifer
Dibbern at (800) 829-2838.</div>
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Consumers with food safety questions can "Ask Karen," the FSIS virtual
representative available 24 hours a day at AskKaren.gov or via smartphone at
m.askkaren.gov. The toll-free USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline
(1-888-674-6854) is available in English and Spanish and can be reached from l0
a.m. to 4 p.m. (Eastern Time) Monday through Friday. Recorded food safety
messages are available 24 hours a day. The online Electronic Consumer Complaint
Monitoring System can be accessed 24 hours a day at: <a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/reportproblem">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/reportproblem</a>.
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USDA Recall Classifications Class I This is a health hazard situation
where there is a reasonable probability that the use of the product will cause
serious, adverse health consequences or death. Class II This is a health hazard
situation where there is a remote probability of adverse health consequences
from the use of the product. Class III This is a situation where the use of the
product will not cause adverse health consequences. </div>
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Last Modified Aug 24, 2016 </div>
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<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/FSIS-Content/internet/main/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2016/recall-073-2016-release">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/FSIS-Content/internet/main/topics/recalls-and-public-health-alerts/recall-case-archive/archive/2016/recall-073-2016-release</a>
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> > > Ackerman says downed cattle are 50 times more likely to
have mad cow disease (also known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or BSE)
than ambulatory cattle that are suspected of having BSE. Of the 20 confirmed
cases of mad cow disease in North America since 1993, at least 16 have involved
downer cattle, he said. < < < </div>
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<a href="http://cattlebusinessweekly.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=4138&uid=d9004be1-7d90-405c-b34f-dfd619de3df7">http://cattlebusinessweekly.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=4138&uid=d9004be1-7d90-405c-b34f-dfd619de3df7</a>
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In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or
horderves. </div>
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Monday, June 20, 2016 </div>
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*** Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program </div>
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<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a>
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Saturday, January 31, 2015 </div>
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RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings
in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of
modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html</a>
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In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or
horderves. </div>
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Thursday, November 28, 2013 </div>
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Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch
Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a>
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seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our
children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high
risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they
did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a
recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked
the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse),
not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type
disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can
lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE
NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ??? </div>
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Saturday, September 21, 2013 </div>
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Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry
Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT </div>
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<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a>
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DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH
RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ??? </div>
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this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check
and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss) </div>
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<a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a>
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try this link ; </div>
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<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a>
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> > > Ackerman says downed cattle are 50 times more likely to
have mad cow disease (also known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or BSE)
than ambulatory cattle that are suspected of having BSE. Of the 20 confirmed
cases of mad cow disease in North America since 1993, at least 16 have involved
downer cattle, he said. < < < </div>
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<a href="http://cattlebusinessweekly.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=4138&uid=d9004be1-7d90-405c-b34f-dfd619de3df7">http://cattlebusinessweekly.com/PrintArticle.aspx?aid=4138&uid=d9004be1-7d90-405c-b34f-dfd619de3df7</a>
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Sunday, November 13, 2011 </div>
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*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer
livestock </div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a>
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Wednesday, March 2, 2016 </div>
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RANCHO He did not know that they were placing healthy cow heads next to
suspect carcasses BSE TSE Prion </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html</a>
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Sunday, June 14, 2015 </div>
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Larry’s Custom Meats Inc. Recalls Beef Tongue Products That May Contain
Specified Risk Materials BSE TSE Prion </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html</a>
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Thursday, June 12, 2014 </div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain
Specified Risk Materials 4,012 pounds of fresh beef products because the dorsal
root ganglia may not have been completely removed </div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html</a>
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Saturday, November 10, 2012 </div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That May Contain Specified Risk
Materials Nov 9, 2012 WI Firm Recalls Beef Tongues </div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a>
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Saturday, July 23, 2011 </div>
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CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK
MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE </div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a>
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Sunday, October 18, 2009 </div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM
WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009 </div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a>
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Thursday, October 15, 2009 </div>
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Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM
WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009 </div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a>
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Thursday, June 26, 2008 </div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials </div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
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Tuesday, July 1, 2008 </div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
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Friday, August 8, 2008 </div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs
941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed </div>
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<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
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Saturday, April 5, 2008 </div>
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SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS
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<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008 </div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to
lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings
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<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008 </div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to
lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings
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<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a>
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Friday, October 15, 2010 </div>
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BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the
tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle </div>
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<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a>
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SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs </div>
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<a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a>
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USDA BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, FEED, TESTING, SRM FIREWALLS...LMAO!
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THE USDA FDA TRIPLE MAD COW DISEASE FIREWALL, WERE NOTHING MORE THAN INK
ON PAPER ! </div>
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infamous august 4, 1997 BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, part of usda fda
et al TRIPLE MAD COW FIREWALL, 10 YEARS AFTER ; </div>
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10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
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Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS:
VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT Bulk cattle feed made with recalled
Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed
delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. </div>
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Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Blood meal used to make cattle
feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat
and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did
not bear cautionary BSE statement. </div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI </div>
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___________________________________ </div>
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PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL
Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal,
TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY
Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST
POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY
Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC
MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR,
V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML
W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only
shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. RECALLING
FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007.
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Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Products manufactured from bulk
feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and
bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. </div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV </div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
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16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
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2013 </div>
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Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
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<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Monday, October 26, 2015 *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, July 24, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution
of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for
Atypical BSE investigations </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, January 31, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following reasons...
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
====== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administrations BSE Feed Regulation
(21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin)
from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With
regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may
not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered
at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the
animal feed system. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
====== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see Singeltary comment ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, November 16, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Draft Guidance for Industry on Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained
and Fed On-Farm; Availability </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
# 203 entitled “Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm.” </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. submission ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation
of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Posted: 12/30/2014ID: APHIS-2014-0107-0001 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Notice: Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal
Carcass Management </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Document ID: APHIS-2013-0044-0001 Docket ID: APHIS-2013-0044 Comment ID:
APHIS-2013-0044-0002 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.noticeandcomment.com/APHIS-2013-0044-0002-fcod-365217.aspx">http://www.noticeandcomment.com/APHIS-2013-0044-0002-fcod-365217.aspx</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals,
Submissions, and Approvals: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program
Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals:
Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program (Document ID
APHIS-2011-0032-0001) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0032-0002">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0032-0002</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Owens, Julie </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net] </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To: FSIS RegulationsComments </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
FSIS, USDA, REPLY TO SINGELTARY </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
From:Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net] </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sent:Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To:fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified
Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of
Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
APHIS-2006-0118-0096 CWD </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0118-0100">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0118-0100</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From
Deer and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500
EMC 1 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2001 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject: USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half (bogus
BSE sampling FROM HEALTHY USDA CATTLE) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February
2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The
owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified
BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to
USDA for the services. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more
than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex
(brain stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000.
Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Topics that will be covered in ongoing or planned reviews under Goal 1
include: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
soundness of BSE maintenance sampling (APHIS), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
implementation of Performance-Based Inspection System enhancements for
specified risk material (SRM) violations and improved inspection controls over
SRMs (FSIS and APHIS), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The findings and recommendations from these efforts will be covered in
future semiannual reports as the relevant audits and investigations are
completed. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, July 15, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual
brain location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves
Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle
Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia
Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, &amp; Olivier
Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name:
Nature Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI:
doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014
Published 16 December 2014 Article tools Citation Reprints Rights &amp;
permissions Article metrics </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abstract </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie
prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human
prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the
capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human
prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to
confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie
prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to
that of cattle BSE. The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in
these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to
those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. These results demonstrate that
scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the
possible link between animal and human prions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are
susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct
transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year
incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a
prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres
throughout the CNS. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of
scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal
health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and
being eradicated. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective
measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Taylor & Francis </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a.
Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos,
Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT.
Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas.
France </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated
bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD)
disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion.
Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that
have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent
epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of
other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD).
However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has
never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment
of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the
biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to
another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms
of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions
pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species
barrier. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants,
we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC
(HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC
(129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in
susceptibility/resistance to the different agents. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to
propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be
susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in
cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and
neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are
resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating
species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in
HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the
efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages
resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.
Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the
emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to
those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie
prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link
between animal and human prions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/kprn20/2016/kprn20.v010.sup01/19336896.2016.1163048/20160418/19336896.2016.1163048.fp.png_v03">http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/kprn20/2016/kprn20.v010.sup01/19336896.2016.1163048/20160418/19336896.2016.1163048.fp.png_v03</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
R. BRADLEY </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SCRAPIE AND CWD ZOONOSIS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION 2016 CONFERENCE TOKYO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, April 23, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016
*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies
or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over
several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly
twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, June 29, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CWD, SCRAPIE, ZOONOSIS, it’s for real folks, the risk factors have
increased greatly, and science has spoken, cwd and scrapie to humans as sporadic
cjd may have already happened. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Emmanuel E. Comoy , Jacqueline Mikol , Sophie Luccantoni-Freire , Evelyne
Correia , Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray , Valérie Durand , Capucine Dehen ,
Olivier Andreoletti , Cristina Casalone , Juergen A. Richt , Justin J. Greenlee
, Thierry Baron , Sylvie L. Benestad , Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abstract </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion
disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)
in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health
against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice
showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here
report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to
cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a
10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for
human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates
with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold
longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to
better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high
prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98
scrapie. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and
the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results
constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for
human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and
primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission
barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic
potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During
the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to
protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been
extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle
of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those
protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of
other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers
should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least
certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical
scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity
in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead
to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should
also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal
prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high
prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98
scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now
represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small
ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie
free. Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous
formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature
may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an
environmental origin. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies
or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over
several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly
twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation
periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni,
Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys
Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies
reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The
transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that
an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the
absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a
transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are
reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD
summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first
evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic
potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for
BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their
phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid
origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical
scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD,
albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked
in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an
updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the
implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD
for human health. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
=============== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
=============== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA
products are infectious to these animals. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
============== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION 2016 TOKYO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions: An Update </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Ignazio Cali1, Liuting Qing1, Jue Yuan1, Shenghai Huang2, Diane Kofskey1,3,
Nicholas Maurer1, Debbie McKenzie4, Jiri Safar1,3,5, Wenquan Zou1,3,5,6,
Pierluigi Gambetti1, Qingzhong Kong1,5,6 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
1Department of Pathology, 3National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance
Center, 5Department of Neurology, 6National Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
4Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Prions and Protein
Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
2Encore Health Resources, 1331 Lamar St, Houston, TX 77010 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widespread and highly transmissible
prion disease in free-ranging and captive cervid species in North America. The
zoonotic potential of CWD prions is a serious public health concern, but the
susceptibility of human CNS and peripheral organs to CWD prions remains largely
unresolved. We reported earlier that peripheral and CNS infections were detected
in transgenic mice expressing human PrP129M or PrP129V. Here we will present an
update on this project, including evidence for strain dependence and influence
of cervid PrP polymorphisms on CWD zoonosis as well as the characteristics of
experimental human CWD prions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION 2016 TOKYO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In Conjunction with Asia Pacific Prion Symposium 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION 2016 Tokyo </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://prion2016.org/dl/newsletter_03.pdf">http://prion2016.org/dl/newsletter_03.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Purchase options Price * Issue Purchase USD 198.00 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/kprn20/10/sup1">http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/kprn20/10/sup1</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Cervid to human prion transmission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Kong, Qingzhong </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abstract </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting
disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a
widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian
provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks
in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk
hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in
muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high
levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected
animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know
whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or
whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no
essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the
brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid
prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary
sequence; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in
humans;and </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these
hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in
vitro approaches. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain
or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in
a set of "humanized" Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a
number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental "human CWD"
samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission
barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP
sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes
of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains
from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same
panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD
infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological,
biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental
"human CWD" samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of
common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining
a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the
USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the
criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will
greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of
cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis
and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure
to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly
infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues
spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on
cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health
concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and
set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro
methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and
characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable
essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection
in humans. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Type Research Project (R01) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Application # 9037884 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study
Section (CMND) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Program Officer Wong, May </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project Start 2015-09-30 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project End 2019-07-31 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Budget Start 2015-09-30 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Budget End 2016-07-31 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Support Year 1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Fiscal Year 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Total Cost $337,507 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Indirect Cost $118,756 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Institution </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Name Case Western Reserve University </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Department Pathology </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Type Schools of Medicine </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DUNS # 077758407 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
City Cleveland </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
State OH </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Country United States </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Zip Code 44106 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
=========================================================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
We hypothesize that: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the
brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid
prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary
sequence; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in
humans;and </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
(4) *** CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. *** We will test
these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary
in vitro approaches. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
============================================================ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Key Molecular Mechanisms of TSEs </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Zabel, Mark D. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, CO, United States
Abstract Prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs),
are fatal neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans, cervids, bovids, and
ovids. The absolute requirement of PrPC expression to generate prion diseases
and the lack of instructional nucleic acid define prions as unique infectious
agents. Prions exhibit species-specific tropism, inferring that unique prion
strains exist that preferentially infct certain host species and confront
transmission barriers to heterologous host species. However, transmission
barriers are not absolute. Scientific consensus agrees that the sheep TSE
scrapie probably breached the transmission barrier to cattle causing bovine
spongiform encephalopathy that subsequently breached the human transmission
barrier and likely caused several hundred deaths by a new-variant form of the
human TSE Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK and Europe. The impact to human
health, emotion and economies can still be felt in areas like farming, blood and
organ donations and the threat of a latent TSE epidemic. This precedent raises
the real possibility of other TSEs, like chronic wasting disease of cervids,
overcoming similar human transmission barriers. A groundbreaking discovery made
last year revealed that mice infected with heterologous prion strains facing
significant transmission barriers replicated prions far more readily in spleens
than brains6. Furthermore, these splenic prions exhibited weakened transmission
barriers and expanded host ranges compared to neurogenic prions. These data
question conventional wisdom of avoiding neural tissue to avoid prion
xenotransmission, when more promiscuous prions may lurk in extraneural tissues.
Data derived from work previously funded by NIH demonstrate that Complement
receptors CD21/35 bind prions and high density PrPC and differentially impact
prion disease depending on the prion isolate or strain used. Recent advances in
live animal and whole organ imaging have led us to generate preliminary data to
support novel, innovative approaches to assessing prion capture and transport.
We plan to test our unifying hypothesis for this proposal that CD21/35 control
the processes of peripheral prion capture, transport, strain selection and
xenotransmission in the following specific aims. 1. Assess the role of CD21/35
in splenic prion strain selection and host range expansion. 2. Determine whether
CD21/35 and C1q differentially bind distinct prion strains 3. Monitor the
effects of CD21/35 on prion trafficking in real time and space 4. Assess the
role of CD21/35 in incunabular prion trafficking </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Public Health Relevance Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion
diseases, are devastating illnesses that greatly impact public health,
agriculture and wildlife in North America and around the world. The impact to
human health, emotion and economies can still be felt in areas like farming,
blood and organ donations and the threat of a latent TSE epidemic. This
precedent raises the real possibility of other TSEs, like chronic wasting
disease (CWD) of cervids, overcoming similar human transmission barriers. Early
this year Canada reported its first case of BSE in over a decade audits first
case of CWD in farmed elk in three years, underscoring the need for continued
vigilance and research. Identifying mechanisms of transmission and zoonoses
remains an extremely important and intense area of research that will benefit
human and other animal populations. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Institute National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Type High Priority, Short Term Project Award (R56) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project # 1R56AI122273-01A1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Application # 9211114 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study
Section (CMND) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Program Officer Beisel, Christopher E </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project Start 2016-02-16 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project End 2017-01-31 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Budget Start 2016-02-16 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Budget End 2017-01-31 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Support Year 1 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Fiscal Year 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Total Cost </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Indirect Cost Institution Name Colorado State University-Fort Collins
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Department Microbiology/Immun/Virology </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Type Schools of Veterinary Medicine </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DUNS # 785979618 City Fort Collins </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
State CO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Country United States </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Zip Code 80523 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R56-AI122273-01A1">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R56-AI122273-01A1</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PMCA Detection of CWD Infection in Cervid and Non-Cervid Species </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Hoover, Edward Arthur </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Colorado State University-Fort Collins, Fort Collins, CO, United States
Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk is an emerging highly
transmissible prion disease now recognized in 18 States, 2 Canadian provinces,
and Korea. We have shown that Infected deer harbor and shed high levels of
infectious prions in saliva, blood, urine, and feces, and in the tissues
generating those body fluids and excreta, thereby leading to facile transmission
by direct contact and environmental contamination. We have also shown that CWD
can infect some non-cervid species, thus the potential risk CWD represents to
domestic animal species and to humans remains unknown. Whether prions borne in
blood, saliva, nasal fluids, milk, or excreta are generated or modified in the
proximate peripheral tissue sites, may differ in subtle ways from those
generated in brain, or may be adapted for mucosal infection remain open
questions. The increasing parallels in the pathogenesis between prion diseases
and human neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's
diseases, add relevance to CWD as a transmissible protein misfolding disease.
The overall goal of this work is to elucidate the process of CWD prion
transmission from mucosal secretory and excretory tissue sites by addressing
these questions: (a) What are the kinetics and magnitude of CWD prion shedding
post-exposure? (b) Are excreted prions biochemically distinct, or not, from
those in the CNS? (c) Are peripheral epithelial or CNS tissues, or both, the
source of excreted prions? and (d) Are excreted prions adapted for horizontal
transmission via natural/trans-mucosal routes? The specific aims of this
proposal are: (1) To determine the onset and consistency of CWD prion shedding
in deer and cervidized mice; (2); To compare the biochemical and biophysical
properties of excretory vs. CNS prions; (3) To determine the capacity of
peripheral tissues to support replication of CWD prions; (4) To determine the
protease- sensitive infectious fraction of excreted vs. CNS prions; and (5) To
compare the mucosal infectivity of excretory vs. CNS prions. Understanding the
mechanisms that enable efficient prion dissemination and shedding will help
elucidate how horizontally transmissible prions evolve and succeed, and is the
basis of this proposal. Understanding how infectious misfolded proteins (prions)
are generated, trafficked, shed, and transmitted will aid in preventing,
treating, and managing the risks associated with these agents and the diseases
they cause. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Public Health Relevance Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk is an
emergent highly transmissible prion disease now recognized throughout the USA as
well as in Canada and Korea. We have shown that infected deer harbor and shed
high levels of infectious prions in saliva, blood, urine, and feces thereby
leading to transmission by direct contact and environmental contamination. In
that our studies have also shown that CWD can infect some non-cervid species,
the potential risk CWD may represents to domestic animal species and humans
remains unknown. The increasing parallels in the development of major human
neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and
prion diseases add relevance to CWD as a model of a transmissible protein
misfolding disease. Understanding how infectious misfolded proteins (prions) are
generated and transmitted will aid in interrupting, treating, and managing the
risks associated with these agents and the diseases they cause. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Type Research Project (R01) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project # 4R01NS061902-07 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Application # 9010980 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study
Section (CMND) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2009-09-30 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Project End 2018-02-28 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Budget Start 2016-03-01 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Budget End 2017-02-28 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Support Year 7 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Fiscal Year 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Total Cost $409,868 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Indirect Cost $134,234 Institution Name Colorado State University-Fort
Collins </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Department Microbiology/Immun/Virology </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Type Schools of Veterinary Medicine </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DUNS # 785979618 City Fort Collins </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
State CO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Country United States </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Zip Code 80523 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS061902-07">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS061902-07</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL
THE WRONG PLACES $$$ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION 2015 CONFERENCE FT. COLLINS CWD RISK FACTORS TO HUMANS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACTS PRION 2015 CONFERENCE *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
O18 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Liuting Qing1, Ignazio Cali1,2, Jue Yuan1, Shenghai Huang3, Diane Kofskey1,
Pierluigi Gambetti1, Wenquan Zou1, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 2Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy,
3Encore Health Resources, Houston, Texas, USA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** These results indicate that the CWD prion has the potential to infect
human CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues and that there might be asymptomatic
human carriers of CWD infection. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***These results indicate that the CWD prion has the potential to infect
human CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues and that there might be asymptomatic
human carriers of CWD infection.*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
P.105: RT-QuIC models trans-species prion transmission </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Kristen Davenport, Davin Henderson, Candace Mathiason, and Edward Hoover
Prion Research Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Conversely, FSE maintained sufficient BSE characteristics to more
efficiently convert bovine rPrP than feline rPrP. Additionally, human rPrP was
competent for conversion by CWD and fCWD. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***This insinuates that, at the level of protein:protein interactions, the
barrier preventing transmission of CWD to humans is less robust than previously
estimated. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***This insinuates that, at the level of protein:protein interactions, the
barrier preventing transmission of CWD to humans is less robust than previously
estimated.*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
================ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** PRICE OF CWD TSE PRION POKER GOES UP 2014 *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE PRION update January 2, 2014
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** chronic wasting disease, there was no absolute barrier to conversion of
the human prion protein. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay
when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion
disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/molecular-barriers-to-zoonotic.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/molecular-barriers-to-zoonotic.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***********CJD REPORT 1994 increased risk for consumption of veal and
venison and lamb*********** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL
REPORT AUGUST 1994 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases
and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with
increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of
CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to
pairs with data obtained from relatives. ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating
and risk of CJD (p = .0.01). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to
be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate.
There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is
associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar
pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK
OF CJD (p = 0.04). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY
OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker
(p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included,
this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
It was found that when veal was included in the model with another
exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically
significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased
to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05). </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical
associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD.
When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between
VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS
STATISTICALLY. ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an
increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an
apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3
studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver
consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL
COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip...see full report ; </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CJD9/10022 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
October 1994 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge
Spencers Lane BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dear Mr Elmhirst, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third
annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are
dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the
Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they
become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the
report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended. In
future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy
of the report in advance of publication. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed
of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the
work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the
Department. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The statistical results reqarding the consumption of venison was put into
perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press
release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic
presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to
publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only
once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical
links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly
give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of
which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer
adversely, if at all. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, May 02, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions: An Update Prion 2016 Tokyo *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** PRION 2014 CONFERENCE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** PPo3-7: Prion Transmission from Cervids to Humans is Strain-dependent
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Here we report that a human prion strain that had adopted the cervid
prion protein (PrP) sequence through passage in cervidized transgenic mice
efficiently infected transgenic mice expressing human PrP, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** indicating that the species barrier from cervid to humans is prion
strain-dependent and humans can be vulnerable to novel cervid prion strains.
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PPo2-27: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Generation of a Novel form of Human PrPSc by Inter-species Transmission of
Cervid Prions </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Our findings suggest that CWD prions have the capability to infect
humans, and that this ability depends on CWD strain adaptation, implying that
the risk for human health progressively increases with the spread of CWD among
cervids. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PPo2-7: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Biochemical and Biophysical Characterization of Different CWD Isolates
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** The data presented here substantiate and expand previous reports on the
existence of different CWD strains. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/Prion4-3-PPo2.pdf">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/Prion4-3-PPo2.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Envt.07: </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Pathological Prion Protein (PrPTSE) in Skeletal Muscles of Farmed and Free
Ranging White-Tailed Deer Infected with Chronic Wasting Disease </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***The presence and seeding activity of PrPTSE in skeletal muscle from
CWD-infected cervids suggests prevention of such tissue in the human diet as a
precautionary measure for food safety, pending on further clarification of
whether CWD may be transmissible to humans. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/Prion5-Supp-PrionEnvironment.pdf?nocache=1333529975">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/Prion5-Supp-PrionEnvironment.pdf?nocache=1333529975</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
>>>CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE , THERE WAS NO ABSOLUTE BARRIER TO
CONVERSION OF THE HUMAN PRION PROTEIN<<< </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** PRICE OF CWD TSE PRION POKER GOES UP 2014 *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE PRION update January 2, 2014
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, January 01, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Molecular Barriers to Zoonotic Transmission of Prions </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** chronic wasting disease, there was no absolute barrier to conversion of
the human prion protein. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Furthermore, the form of human PrPres produced in this in vitro assay
when seeded with CWD, resembles that found in the most common human prion
disease, namely sCJD of the MM1 subtype. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm">http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article.htm</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/molecular-barriers-to-zoonotic.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/molecular-barriers-to-zoonotic.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, August 25, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
TPWD Action Disease Detection and Response – Chronic Wasting Disease TPW
Commission Adopts New CWD Zones, Deer Movement Rules August 25, 2016 This map
shows the recently imposed Surveillance Zone for CWD in portions of Bandera,
Medina and Uvalde counties. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.bccourier.com/Images/Content/240816194814.gif">http://www.bccourier.com/Images/Content/240816194814.gif</a>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/tpwd-action-disease-detection-and.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/tpwd-action-disease-detection-and.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, April 23, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016
*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, May 02, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions: An Update Prion 2016 Tokyo *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
====================================================== </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Wednesday, June 29, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** NIH awards $11 million to UTHealth researchers to study deadly CWD
prion diseases Claudio Soto, Ph.D. *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Public Release: 29-Jun-2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/06/nih-awards-11-million-to-uthealth.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/06/nih-awards-11-million-to-uthealth.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves
Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle
Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia
Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, &amp; Olivier
Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name:
Nature Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI:
doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014
Published 16 December 2014 Article tools Citation Reprints Rights &amp;
permissions Article metrics </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Abstract </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie
prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human
prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the
capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human
prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to
confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie
prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to
that of cattle BSE. The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in
these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to
those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. These results demonstrate that
scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the
possible link between animal and human prions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are
susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct
transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year
incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a
prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres
throughout the CNS. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of
scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal
health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and
being eradicated. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective
measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Taylor & Francis </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a.
Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a, </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos,
Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT.
Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas.
France </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated
bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD)
disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion.
Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that
have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent
epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of
other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD).
However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has
never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment
of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the
biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to
another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms
of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions
pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species
barrier. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants,
we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC
(HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC
(129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in
susceptibility/resistance to the different agents. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to
propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be
susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in
cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and
neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are
resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating
species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in
HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the
efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages
resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.
Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the
emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to
those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie
prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link
between animal and human prions. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/kprn20/2016/kprn20.v010.sup01/19336896.2016.1163048/20160418/19336896.2016.1163048.fp.png_v03">http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/kprn20/2016/kprn20.v010.sup01/19336896.2016.1163048/20160418/19336896.2016.1163048.fp.png_v03</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
R. BRADLEY </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
SCRAPIE AND CWD ZOONOSIS </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
PRION 2016 CONFERENCE TOKYO </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, April 23, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016
*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies
or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over
several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly
twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.*** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573">http://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, August 18, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** PROCEEDINGS ONE HUNDRED AND Nineteenth ANNUAL MEETING of the USAHA BSE,
CWD, SCRAPIE, PORCINE TSE PRION October 22 28, 2015 ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/proceedings-one-hundred-and-nineteenth.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/proceedings-one-hundred-and-nineteenth.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, August 9, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Concurrence with OIE Risk Designations for Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2015-0055] </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/08/concurrence-with-oie-risk-designations.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/08/concurrence-with-oie-risk-designations.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, July 23, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING,
AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Tuesday, July 26, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY
2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, July 16, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants [Docket No.
APHIS-2009-0095]RIN 0579-AD10 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
WITH great disgust and concern, I report to you that the OIE, USDA, APHIS,
are working to further legalize the trading of Transmissible Spongiform
Encephalopathy TSE Pion disease around the globe.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
THIS is absolutely insane. it’s USDA INC.</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/07/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/07/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, October 22, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk
mad cow disease USDA and what really happened those mad cows in Texas *** </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html" style="href: "http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html";">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, June 20, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, April 14, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Arizona 22 year old diagnosed with Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/arizona-22-year-old-diagnosed-with.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/arizona-22-year-old-diagnosed-with.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Thursday, January 15, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
41-year-old Navy Commander with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease CJD TSE
Prion: Case Report </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/01/41-year-old-navy-commander-with.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/01/41-year-old-navy-commander-with.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, January 17, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Becky Lockhart 46, Utah’s first female House speaker, dies diagnosed
with the extremely rare Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/01/becky-lockhart-46-utahs-first-female.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/01/becky-lockhart-46-utahs-first-female.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE CJD TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2015/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Sunday, August 21, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Kay Ellen Roedl Schwister Deceased August 7, 2016 at the age of 53 with
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD TSE Prion spontaneous sporadic, zoonosis, or
iatrogenic? </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/kay-ellen-roedl-schwister-deceased.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/kay-ellen-roedl-schwister-deceased.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Monday, August 22, 2016 </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE USA 2015 SPORADIC CJD TOTAL FIGURES REACHES
HIGHEST ANNUAL COUNT TO DATE AT 239 CONFIRMED CASES </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-usa-2015.html">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2016/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-usa-2015.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
*** Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding
Infected Cattle ***</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the
farm died from TME. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
snip... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or
dead dairy cattle... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of
animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to
accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the
''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical
incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ... </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
”The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations
in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the
respective wildlife research programmes. Despite it’s subsequent recognition as
a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific
research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and
consequently not their province!” ...page 26. </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH
RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ??? this recall was not for the welfare of the animals.
...tss </div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
see listings of schools from state to state, county to county, was your
child exposed ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
try this link ;</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/</a>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1371751607351867467.post-50093340820199237802016-06-20T16:31:00.000-05:002016-06-20T16:31:02.686-05:00Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program<div style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri"; font-size: 12pt;">
<div>
Specified Risk Materials Program </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Specified Risk Materials Program is intended to allow qualified
investigators to seek funding for research directly related to the following
areas of specified risk materials (SRM): detection of prions in complex
matrices; SRM as feedstock for processes and products; disposition and disposal
methods; cost benefit estimates of existing or new disposition and disposal
methodologies; risk assessment; risk communication about SRM and risks and
benefits of disposition and disposal of SRM; and other. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Funding is accessible for all relevant fields of inquiry in the themes as
described in the guidelines to develop innovative disposition and disposal
methods and/or uses of specified risk materials. This competition will support
grants of up to $500,000 for a period of up to three years. Applications are due
August 15, 2016.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
>> Application Guidelines </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Explorations Program The Explorations Program allows Alberta-based
investigators to seek funding for research directly related to prion diseases
and prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases and dementias. The research
themes for this program are protein folding and misfolding in prion diseases,
the pathobiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs),
surveillance and control of prion diseases, TSEs and society, protein folding
and misfolding in prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases, and prion-like
mechanisms in human neurodegenerative diseases. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Alberta Prion Research Institute offers two tiers of funding for the
Explorations competition: grants of up to $200,000 for a maximum of two years
and grants of up to $500,000 for a maximum of three years. Applications are due
August 31, 2016.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
>> Application Guidelines </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Research Team Program The Research Team Program allows teams of qualified
investigators to seek funding for research directly related to prion diseases
and prion-like human neurodegenerative diseases and dementias. The research
themes for this program are protein folding and misfolding in prion diseases,
the pathobiology of TSEs, surveillance and control of prion diseases, TSEs and
society, protein folding and misfolding in prion-like human neurodegenerative
diseases and prion-like mechanisms in the pathobiology of prion-like human
neurodegenerative diseases. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The program is designed to encourage collaboration within Alberta and
between Alberta-based investigators and researchers outside of Alberta. The team
of researchers must be from at least two different research institutions. The
Alberta Prion Research Institute provides up to $750,000 for a team grant over a
maximum of three years. The total from partners provided to support a Research
Team proposal will be a cash contribution of at least 25 per cent of the total
amount contributed by the Prion Institute (at least 20 per cent of total project
costs). Applications are due August 31, 2016.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
>> Application Guidelines </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Grant Crafting Workshops The Alberta Prion Research Institute is offering
grant crafting workshops in Edmonton and Calgary. The grant crafting workshops
will include presentations from two researchers with experience crafting and
reviewing proposals, including one member of the Prion Institute’s International
Research Advisory Council. These sessions are open to research administrators,
principal investigators, postdocs, grad students and other lab members.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, June 21 – Edmonton 1:30 – 3:30 p.m. 204 Brain and Aging Research
Building Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of
Alberta</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, June 22 – Calgary 9 – 11 a.m. TRW 2E23 University of Calgary
Foothills Campus </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.mailoutinteractive.com/Industry/View.aspx?id=813647&q=1050145357&qz=552b40">http://www.mailoutinteractive.com/Industry/View.aspx?id=813647&q=1050145357&qz=552b40</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, January 31, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings
in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of
modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject: RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of
casings in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of
modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF THE BELGIAN FEDERAL AGENCY FOR THE SAFETY OF THE
FOOD CHAIN</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RAPID ADVICE 17-2014</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject: Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings in countries
with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of modification of the
list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE (Dossier SciCom
2014/22) Rapid advice approved by the Scientific Committee on 22nd October
2014.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Summary</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Scientific Committee was asked to answer two questions in regard to a
proposal from the European Commission to no longer obligate Member States with a
negligible BSE risk status to remove and dispose the specified risk materials as
specified in Annex V to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention, control
and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The aim of
this modification of the Regulation is to ensure that conditions for imports of
commodities from third countries are not more favorable than the conditions
applying to Member States with the same OIE BSE negligible risk status. More
specifically it was asked to the Scientific Committee:</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
- If there is a difference in public health risk between the casings
imported from third countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and
casings that come from the 18 EU Member States with a “negligible risk status
for BSE”?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
- If there is a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU
Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no
longer removed as SRM and if the other risk materials for BSE (the skull
including the brains and eyes, the spinal cord, the tonsils and the spine) are
indeed considered as SRM?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Due to lack of availability of data on true prevalence and tissue
infectivity of BSE (classical as well as atypical BSE) the Scientific Committee
was not able to thoroughly investigate the questions.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Removal of specified risk materials from cattle at slaughter prevents BSE
infected materials from entering the human food chain.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Scientific Committee is of the opinion that, taking into consideration
the uncertainties in regard to the true prevalence of BSE (classical as well as
atypical BSE) in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and given the
problems related with the early detection of asymptomatic BSE and given the
zoonotic significance of atypical BSE, that stopping with the routine removal of
specified risk materials during bovine slaughter will increase the risk for
public health.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2/14</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Scientific Committee is not able to compare the public health risk of
casings from third countries and from the 18 EU Member States, both with a
negligible risk status for BSE, because of lack of data on true BSE prevalence
and BSE tissue infectivity (classical BSE and atypical BSE) in the considered
countries.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Scientific Committee is also not able to properly answer the second
question if there is a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU
Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no
longer removed as SRM due to lack of quantitative data on tissue infectivity of
different specified risk materials in slaughtered bovines in these countries.
There is also no information on tissue infectivity of atypical BSE cases. It is
known however that intestines are the portal of entry of prions and that they
are already infective before the prions reach the central nervous system.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The final decision pertaining the need of removal of all or part of the
specified risk materials is a risk management decision and goes beyond the
competencies of the Scientific Committee.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Samenvatting Sneladvies over de risico’s voor de volksgezondheid van
worstenvellen in landen met een “verwaarloosbaar risicostatuut voor BSE” en over
de risico’s van wijziging van een lijst van gespecifieerde risicomaterialen
(GRM) voor BSE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In conclusion the Scientific Committee is not able to answer this question
with an acceptable degree of uncertainty because of lack of data on true
prevalence of BSE (classical as well as atypical forms of BSE) in the considered
countries. It reiterates its concern regarding the import of certain animal
products from third countries with a ‘negligible BSE risk status’ as stated in
rapid advice SciCom 16-2013.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2. Is there a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU
Member States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no
longer removed as SRM while the other risk materials for BSE (the skull
including the brains and eyes, the spinal cord, the tonsils and the spine) are
indeed considered as SRM?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Once again the Scientific Committee is not able to properly answer this
question because of lack of quantitative data on tissue infectivity of different
specified risk materials in slaughtered bovines in EU Member States with a
“negligible risk status for BSE”.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
BSE infected animals may enter undetected the food chain due to the low
sensitivity of the diagnostic tests. Further on the classical BSE agent
accumulates from the first months post exposure in particular segments of the
bovine intestines and persists till clinical onset. In addition no information
is available about the infectivity of tissues by the atypical BSE agent,
especially in the intestines.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
If intestines from cattle in EU Member States with a “negligible risk
status for BSE” are no longer removed as SRM and are allowed to enter the food
chain the public health risk will be increased. The degree of rise in risk level
cannot be determined. According to EFSA Journal 2014;12(2):3554, the TSEi model
indicated that the removal of the last four meters of the small intestine and of
the caecum from the food and feed chain would result in a major reduction of the
Classical BSE exposure risk associated with intestine and mesentery in
cattle.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Referring to its previous advice 16-2013 the Scientific Committee repeats
that stopping with the routine removal of all specified risk materials during
bovine slaughter will increase the risks of exposure of the population to BSE
because of the uncertainty related to the detection of BSE. This uncertainty is
the consequence of the long incubation period (especially in cases of atypical
BSE), the low sensitivity of the available diagnostic methods, the apparent
spontaneous nature of atypical BSE, the lack of a clear clinical picture of
atypical BSE cases and the reduction in number of tests in healthy slaughtered
animals.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The final decision pertaining the need of removal of all or part of the
specified risk materials is a decision to be taken by the risk manager and goes
beyond the competencies of the Scientific Committee.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
5. Conclusion</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Removal of specified risk materials from cattle at slaughter prevents BSE
infected materials from entering the human food chain.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Scientific Committee is of the opinion that, taking into consideration
the uncertainties in regard to the true prevalence of BSE (including classical
as well asaAtypical BSE) in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE”
and given the problems related with the early detection of asymptomatic BSE and
given the zoonotic character of atypical BSE, stopping with the routine removal
of all specified risk materials during bovine slaughter will increase the risk
for public health.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
12/14</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Scientific Committee is not able to compare the public health risk of
casings from third countries and from the 18 EU Member States both with a
negligible risk status for BSE because of lack of data on true BSE prevalence
(classical BSE and atypical BSE) in the considered countries.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The Scientific Committee is not able to properly answer the question if
there is a significantly increased public health risk if, in the EU Member
States with a “negligible risk status for BSE”, the intestines are no longer
removed as SRM due to lack of quantitative data on tissue infectivity of
different specified risk materials in slaughtered bovines in these countries.
There is also no information on tissue infectivity by the agent of atypical
BSE.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
On behalf of the Scientific Committee, The President Prof. Dr. E. Thiry
(Sgd.) Brussels, 06/11/2014</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
References</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...end</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.afsca.be/scientificcommittee/advices/_documents/RAPIDADVICE17-2014_EN_DOSSIER2014-22.pdf">http://www.afsca.be/scientificcommittee/advices/_documents/RAPIDADVICE17-2014_EN_DOSSIER2014-22.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, July 24, 2014</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of
infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, January 31, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RAPID ADVICE 17-2014 : Evaluation of the risk for public health of casings
in countries with a “negligible risk status for BSE” and on the risk of
modification of the list of specified risk materials (SRM) with regard to BSE
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2015/01/rapid-advice-17-2014-evaluation-of-risk.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or
horderves. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, November 28, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch
Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our
children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high
risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they
did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a
recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked
the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse),
not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type
disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can
lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE
NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ??? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, September 21, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry
Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH
RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ??? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check
and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss) </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
try this link ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, November 13, 2011 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer
livestock </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, March 2, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
RANCHO He did not know that they were placing healthy cow heads next to
suspect carcasses BSE TSE Prion </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/03/rancho-he-did-not-know-that-they-were.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, June 14, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Larry’s Custom Meats Inc. Recalls Beef Tongue Products That May Contain
Specified Risk Materials BSE TSE Prion</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, June 12, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Missouri Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain
Specified Risk Materials 4,012 pounds of fresh beef products because the dorsal
root ganglia may not have been completely removed </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/missouri-firm-recalls-ribeye-and.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, November 10, 2012 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That May Contain Specified Risk
Materials Nov 9, 2012 WI Firm Recalls Beef Tongues </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2012/11/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, July 23, 2011 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK
MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, October 18, 2009 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM
WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, October 15, 2009 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM
WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/nebraska-firm-recalls-beef-tongues-that.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, June 26, 2008 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, July 1, 2008 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, August 8, 2008 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs
941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, April 5, 2008 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, April 30, 2008 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to
lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, April 30, 2008 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to
lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, October 15, 2010 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the
tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
USDA BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, FEED, TESTING, SRM FIREWALLS...LMAO!</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
THE USDA FDA TRIPLE MAD COW DISEASE FIREWALL, WERE NOTHING MORE THAN INK ON
PAPER ! </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
infamous august 4, 1997 BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, part of usda fda et
al TRIPLE MAD COW FIREWALL, 10 YEARS AFTER ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN
COMMERCE USA 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS:
VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT Bulk cattle feed made with recalled
Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed
delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER
Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Blood meal used to make cattle
feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat
and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did
not bear cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
___________________________________ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL
Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal,
TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY
Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST
POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY
Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC
MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR,
V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML
W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only
shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. RECALLING
FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Products manufactured from bulk
feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and
bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Monday, October 26, 2015 *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, July 24, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of
infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical
BSE investigations </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics
of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, January 31, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I strenuously once again urge the FDA and its industry constituents, to
make it MANDATORY that all ruminant feed be banned to all ruminants, and this
should include all cervids as soon as possible for the following
reasons...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
======</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administrations BSE Feed Regulation (21
CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from
deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to
feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used
for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high
risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed
system. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
======</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
see Singeltary comment ;</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed Singeltary Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, November 16, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Docket No. APHIS-2007-0127 Scrapie in Sheep and Goats Terry Singeltary
Sr. Submission ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2007-0127-0032</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Draft Guidance for Industry on Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained
and Fed On-Farm; Availability</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
# 203 entitled “Ensuring Safety of Animal Feed Maintained and Fed
On-Farm.”</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0001</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. submission ;</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2014-D-1180-0003</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of
Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Posted: 12/30/2014ID: APHIS-2014-0107-0001 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Notice: Environmental Impact Statements; Availability, etc.: Animal Carcass
Management </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Document ID: APHIS-2013-0044-0001 Docket ID: APHIS-2013-0044 Comment ID:
APHIS-2013-0044-0002 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.noticeandcomment.com/APHIS-2013-0044-0002-fcod-365217.aspx">http://www.noticeandcomment.com/APHIS-2013-0044-0002-fcod-365217.aspx</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
(APHIS) Notice: Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals,
Submissions, and Approvals: Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program
Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposals, Submissions, and Approvals:
Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification Program (Document ID
APHIS-2011-0032-0001) </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0032-0002">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2011-0032-0002</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Owens, Julie </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net] </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
To: FSIS RegulationsComments </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FSIS, USDA, REPLY TO SINGELTARY </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
From:Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net]</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sent:Thursday, September 08, 2005 6:17 PM</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
To:fsis.regulationscomments@fsis.usda.gov</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject: [Docket No. 03-025IFA] FSIS Prohibition of the Use of Specified
Risk Materials for Human Food and Requirements for the Disposition of
Non-Ambulatory Disabled Cattle </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
APHIS-2006-0118-0096 CWD </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0118-0100">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2006-0118-0100</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
DOCKET-- 03D-0186 -- FDA Issues Draft Guidance on Use of Material From Deer
and Elk in Animal Feed; Availability Date: Fri, 16 May 2003 11:47:37 0500 EMC 1
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Vol #: 1 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jun03/060903/060903.htm</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/oct03/100203/100203.htm</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PLEASE SEE FULL TEXT SUBMISSION ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/docket-03d-0186-fda-issues-draft.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2001 Terry S. Singeltary Sr. comment submission</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject: USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half (bogus
BSE sampling FROM HEALTHY USDA CATTLE)</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Date: June 21, 2007 at 2:49 pm PST</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Owner and Corporation Plead Guilty to Defrauding Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE) Surveillance Program</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
An Arizona meat processing company and its owner pled guilty in February
2007 to charges of theft of Government funds, mail fraud, and wire fraud. The
owner and his company defrauded the BSE Surveillance Program when they falsified
BSE Surveillance Data Collection Forms and then submitted payment requests to
USDA for the services. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In addition to the targeted sample population (those cattle that were more
than 30 months old or had other risk factors for BSE), </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** the owner submitted to USDA, or caused to be submitted, BSE obex (brain
stem) samples from healthy USDA-inspected cattle. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
As a result, the owner fraudulently received approximately $390,000.
Sentencing is scheduled for May 2007.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Topics that will be covered in ongoing or planned reviews under Goal 1
include:</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
soundness of BSE maintenance sampling (APHIS),</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
implementation of Performance-Based Inspection System enhancements for
specified risk material (SRM) violations and improved inspection controls over
SRMs (FSIS and APHIS),</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The findings and recommendations from these efforts will be covered in
future semiannual reports as the relevant audits and investigations are
completed.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
4 USDA OIG SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS FY 2007 1st Half </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/sarc070619.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, July 15, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Additional BSE TSE prion testing detects pathologic lesion in unusual brain
location and PrPsc by PMCA only, how many cases have we missed?</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/07/additional-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67
PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in
unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Posted by flounder on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Needless conflict *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Nature 485, 279–280 (17 May 2012) doi:10.1038/485279b </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Published online 16 May 2012 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. said: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I kindly wish to submit the following please ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, April 23, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Taylor & Francis </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a.
Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a, </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos,
Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT.
Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas.
France </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated
bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD)
disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion.
Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that
have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent
epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of
other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD).
However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has
never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment
of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the
biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to
another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms
of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions
pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species
barrier. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants,
we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC
(HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC
(129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in
susceptibility/resistance to the different agents. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to
propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be
susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in
cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and
neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are
resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating
species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in
HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the
efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages
resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.
Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the
emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to
those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie
prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link
between animal and human prions. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/kprn20/2016/kprn20.v010.sup01/19336896.2016.1163048/20160418/19336896.2016.1163048.fp.png_v03">http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/kprn20/2016/kprn20.v010.sup01/19336896.2016.1163048/20160418/19336896.2016.1163048.fp.png_v03</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Authors </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
item Comoy, Emmanuel - item Mikol, Jacqueline - item Luccantoni-Freire,
Sophie - item Correia, Evelyne - item Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nathalie - item
Durand, Valérie - item Dehen, Capucine - item Andreoletti, Olivier - item
Casalone, Cristina - item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Baron,
Thierry - item Benestad, Sylvie - item Hills, Bob - item Brown, Paul - item
Deslys, Jean-Philippe - </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Submitted to: Scientific Reports Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 28, 2015 Publication Date: June 30, 2015
Citation: Comoy, E.E., Mikol, J., Luccantoni-Freire, S., Correia, E.,
Lescoutra-Etchegaray, N., Durand, V., Dehen, C., Andreoletti, O., Casalone, C.,
Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Baron, T., Benestad, S., Brown, P., Deslys, J.
2015. Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period. Scientific Reports. 5:11573. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Interpretive Summary: The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (also
called prion diseases) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect animals
and humans. The agent of prion diseases is a misfolded form of the prion protein
that is resistant to breakdown by the host cells. Since all mammals express
prion protein on the surface of various cells such as neurons, all mammals are,
in theory, capable of replicating prion diseases. One example of a prion
disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; also called mad cow disease),
has been shown to infect cattle, sheep, exotic undulates, cats, non-human
primates, and humans when the new host is exposed to feeds or foods contaminated
with the disease agent. The purpose of this study was to test whether non-human
primates (cynomologous macaque) are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie.
After an incubation period of approximately 10 years a macaque developed
progressive clinical signs suggestive of neurologic disease. Upon postmortem
examination and microscopic examination of tissues, there was a widespread
distribution of lesions consistent with a transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy. This information will have a scientific impact since it is the
first study that demonstrates the transmission of scrapie to a non-human primate
with a close genetic relationship to humans. This information is especially
useful to regulatory officials and those involved with risk assessment of the
potential transmission of animal prion diseases to humans. Technical Abstract:
Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is an animal prion disease
that also causes variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Over the past
decades, c-BSE's zoonotic potential has been the driving force in establishing
extensive protective measures for animal and human health. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are
susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct
transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year
incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a
prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres
throughout the CNS. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of
scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal
health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and
being eradicated. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective
measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation
periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Val erie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni,
Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys
Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies
reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The
transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that
an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the
absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a
transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are
reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD
summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first
evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic
potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for
BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their
phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to
assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid
origins even after very long silent incubation periods. *** We recently observed
the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after
a 10-year silent incubation period, ***with features similar to some reported
for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than
BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), ***is the
third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), ***thus questioning the
origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an updated panorama of our
different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended
incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
===============</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases...TSS</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
=============== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Authors </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
item Comoy, Emmanuel - item Mikol, Jacqueline - item Luccantoni-Freire,
Sophie - item Correia, Evelyne - item Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nathalie - item
Durand, Valérie - item Dehen, Capucine - item Andreoletti, Olivier - item
Casalone, Cristina - item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Baron,
Thierry - item Benestad, Sylvie - item Hills, Bob - item Brown, Paul - item
Deslys, Jean-Philippe - </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Submitted to: Scientific Reports Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: May 28, 2015 Publication Date: June 30, 2015
Citation: Comoy, E.E., Mikol, J., Luccantoni-Freire, S., Correia, E.,
Lescoutra-Etchegaray, N., Durand, V., Dehen, C., Andreoletti, O., Casalone, C.,
Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Baron, T., Benestad, S., Brown, P., Deslys, J.
2015. Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent
incubation period. Scientific Reports. 5:11573. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Interpretive Summary: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (also called prion diseases)
are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect animals and humans. The agent
of prion diseases is a misfolded form of the prion protein that is resistant to
breakdown by the host cells. Since all mammals express prion protein on the
surface of various cells such as neurons, all mammals are, in theory, capable of
replicating prion diseases. One example of a prion disease, bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE; also called mad cow disease), has been shown to infect
cattle, sheep, exotic undulates, cats, non-human primates, and humans when the
new host is exposed to feeds or foods contaminated with the disease agent. The
purpose of this study was to test whether non-human primates (cynomologous
macaque) are susceptible to the agent of sheep scrapie. After an incubation
period of approximately 10 years a macaque developed progressive clinical signs
suggestive of neurologic disease. Upon postmortem examination and microscopic
examination of tissues, there was a widespread distribution of lesions
consistent with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. This information will
have a scientific impact since it is the first study that demonstrates the
transmission of scrapie to a non-human primate with a close genetic relationship
to humans. This information is especially useful to regulatory officials and
those involved with risk assessment of the potential transmission of animal
prion diseases to humans. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Technical Abstract: </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is an animal prion
disease that also causes variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. Over the
past decades, c-BSE's zoonotic potential has been the driving force in
establishing extensive protective measures for animal and human health. In
complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to
scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a
natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation
period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion
disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout
the CNS. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of
scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal
health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and
being eradicated. Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and
protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission
studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
========================================== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA
products are infectious to these animals. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
========================================== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine
Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge;
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology
Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and
food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle
and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally
assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to
disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with
100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or
resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and
feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to
neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central
nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were
euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE
rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts
S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing
resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and
PrPsc detection by PMCA only. Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult
cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. We are further examining
explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged
animal.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral
transmission of classical BSE. *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants
and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama
National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and
humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion
protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical
scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to
proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding
cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from
transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc
seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain
homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion
of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc
seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA
and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested
prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical
and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports
describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human
transgenic mice, ***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of
H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether
the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
================</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
==========================================</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to
sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA
products are infectious to these animals.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
==========================================</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PRION 2015 CONFERENCE FT. COLLINS CWD RISK FACTORS TO HUMANS </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACTS PRION 2015 CONFERENCE *** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
O18 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Liuting Qing1, Ignazio Cali1,2, Jue Yuan1, Shenghai Huang3, Diane Kofskey1,
Pierluigi Gambetti1, Wenquan Zou1, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 2Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy,
3Encore Health Resources, Houston, Texas, USA </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** These results indicate that the CWD prion has the potential to infect
human CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues and that there might be asymptomatic
human carriers of CWD infection. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
================== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***These results indicate that the CWD prion has the potential to infect
human CNS and peripheral lymphoid tissues and that there might be asymptomatic
human carriers of CWD infection.*** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
================== </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
P.105: RT-QuIC models trans-species prion transmission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Kristen Davenport, Davin Henderson, Candace Mathiason, and Edward Hoover
Prion Research Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Conversely, FSE maintained sufficient BSE characteristics to more
efficiently convert bovine rPrP than feline rPrP. Additionally, human rPrP was
competent for conversion by CWD and fCWD. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***This insinuates that, at the level of protein:protein interactions, the
barrier preventing transmission of CWD to humans is less robust than previously
estimated. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
================ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***This insinuates that, at the level of protein:protein interactions, the
barrier preventing transmission of CWD to humans is less robust than previously
estimated.*** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
================ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
HD.13: CWD infection in the spleen of humanized transgenic mice</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Liuting Qing and Qingzhong Kong Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland,
OH USA</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widespread prion disease in free-ranging
and captive cervid species in North America, and there is evidence suggesting
the existence of multiple CWD strains. The susceptibility of human CNS and
peripheral organs to the various CWD prion strains remains largely unclear.
Current literature suggests that the classical CWD strain is unlikely to infect
human brain, but the potential for peripheral infection by CWD in humans is
unknown. We detected protease-resistant PrPSc in the spleens of a few humanized
transgenic mice that were intracerebrally inoculated with natural CWD isolates,
but PrPSc was not detected in the brains of any of the CWD-inoculated mice. Our
ongoing bioassays in humanized Tg mice indicate that intracerebral challenge
with such PrPSc-positive humanized mouse spleen already led to prion disease in
most animals. These results indicate that the CWD prion may have the potential
to infect human peripheral lymphoid tissues.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.24865">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.24865</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly
magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef
ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and
slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of
free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier.
Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE
and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion
diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease
through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can
be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size
of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic
individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a
potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic
potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human
PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests
that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP
codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in
the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249">https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/28124/?nocache=112223249</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves
Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle
Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,1, Naima Aron,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia
Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1,
Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature
Communications Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821
Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014
Article tools Citation Reprints Rights & permissions Article metrics </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Abstract </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie
prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the human
prion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the
capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human
prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to
confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie
prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to
that of cattle BSE. ***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in
these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to
those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. ***These results demonstrate that
scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the
possible link between animal and human prions. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
see more here ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/extref/ncomms6821-s1.pdf">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/extref/ncomms6821-s1.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led
to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing
sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans.*** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential
and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human
prions.*** </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely
create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for
man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large
enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough.
Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might
be best to retain that hypothesis. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
R. BRADLEY </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradleys
surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram
triggered infection.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20061003022720/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleys
surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram
triggered infection. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding
Infected Cattle </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the
farm died from TME. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
snip... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or
dead dairy cattle... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of
animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to
accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the
''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical
incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ... </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/05/13001001.pdf">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/05/13001001.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Disease North America
2014</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Disease have now been
discovered in a wide verity of species across North America. typical C-BSE,
atypical L-type BASE BSE, atypical H-type BSE, atypical H-G BSE, of the bovine,
typical and atypical Scrapie strains, in sheep and goats, with atypical Nor-98
Scrapie spreading coast to coast in about 5 years. Chronic Wasting Disease CWD
in cervid is slowly spreading without any stopping it in Canada and the USA and
now has mutated into many different strains. Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
TME outbreaks. These Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Disease
have been silently mutating and spreading in different species in North America
for decades. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The USDA, FDA, et al have assured us of a robust Triple BSE TSE prion
Firewall, of which we now know without a doubt, that it was nothing but ink on
paper. Since the 1997 mad cow feed ban in the USA, literally tons and tons of
banned mad cow feed has been put out into commerce, never to return, as late as
December of 2013, serious, serious breaches in the FDA mad cow feed ban have
been documented. The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that
one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown,
who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to
estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States,
said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because
of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested
positive. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
see ; </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/">http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
The BSE surveillance and testing have also been proven to be flawed, and
the GAO and OIG have both raised serious question as to just how flawed it has
been (see GAO and OIG reports). North America has more documented TSE prion
disease, in different documented species (excluding the Zoo BSE animals in the
EU), then any other place on the Globe. This does not include the very
likelihood that TSE prion disease in the domestic feline and canine have been
exposed to high doses of the TSE prion disease vid pet food. To date, it’s still
legal to include deer from cwd zone into pet food or deer food. Specified Risk
Material i.e. SRM bans still being breach, as recently as just last month.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
nvCJD or what they now call vCJD, another case documented in Texas last
month, with very little information being released to the public on about this
case? with still the same line of thought from federal officials, ‘it can’t
happen here’, so another vCJD blamed on travel of a foreign animal disease from
another country, while ignoring all the BSE TSE Prion risk factors we have here
in the USA and Canada, and the time that this victim and others, do spend in the
USA, and exposed to these risk factors, apparently do not count in any way with
regard to risk factor. a flawed process of risk assessment. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
sporadic CJD, along with new TSE prion disease in humans, of which the
young are dying, of which long duration of illness from onset of symptoms to
death have been documented, only to have a new name added to the pot of prion
disease i.e. sporadic GSS, sporadic FFI, and or VPSPR. I only ponder how a
familial type disease could be sporadic with no genetic link to any family
member? when the USA is the only documented Country in the world to have
documented two different cases of atypical H-type BSE, with one case being
called atypical H-G BSE with the G meaning Genetic, with new science now showing
that indeed atypical H-type BSE is very possible transmitted to cattle via oral
transmission (Prion2014). sporadic CJD and VPSPR have been rising in Canada,
USA, and the UK, with the same old excuse, better surveillance. You can only use
that excuse for so many years, for so many decades, until one must conclude that
CJD TSE prion cases are rising. a 48% incease in CJD in Canada is not just a
blip or a reason of better surveillance, it is a mathematical rise in numbers.
More and more we are seeing more humans exposed in various circumstance in the
Hospital, Medical, Surgical arenas to the TSE Prion disease, and at the same
time in North America, more and more humans are becoming exposed to the TSE
prion disease via consumption of the TSE prion via deer and elk, cattle, sheep
and goats, and for those that are exposed via or consumption, go on to further
expose many others via the iatrogenic modes of transmission of the TSE prion
disease i.e. friendly fire. I pondered this mode of transmission via the victims
of sporadic FFI, sporadic GSS, could this be a iatrogenic event from someone
sub-clinical with sFFI or sGSS ? what if? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Two decades have passed since Dr. Ironside first confirmed his first ten
nvCJD victims in 1995. Ten years later, 2005, we had Dr. Gambetti and his first
ten i.e. VPSPR in younger victims. now we know that indeed VPSPR is
transmissible. yet all these TSE prion disease and victims in the USA and Canada
are being pawned off as a spontaneous event, yet science has shown, the
spontaneous theory has never been proven in any natural case of TSE prion
disease, and scientist have warned, that they have now linked some sporadic CJD
cases to atypical BSE, to atypical Scrapie, and to CWD, yet we don’t here about
this in the public domain. We must make all human and animal TSE prion disease
reportable in every age group, in ever state and internationally, we must have a
serious re-evaluation and testing of the USA cattle herds, and we must ban
interstate movement of all cervids. Any voluntary effort to do any of this will
fail. Folks, we have let the industry run science far too long with regards to
the TSE prion disease. While the industry and their lobbyist continues to funnel
junk science to our decision policy makers, Rome burns. ...end </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
REFERENCES</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, June 29, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Disease North America
2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a>
Saturday, June 14, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Rep. Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) Calls for Briefing on Beef Recalled for Mad Cow
Potential Rep. Rosa DeLauro (D-CT) </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/rep-rosa-delauro-d-ct-calls-for.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/06/rep-rosa-delauro-d-ct-calls-for.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, July 28, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Mitigating the Risk of Transmission and Environmental Contamination of
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2013 Annual Report</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/07/mitigating-risk-of-transmission-and.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/07/mitigating-risk-of-transmission-and.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, August 12, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
MAD COW USDA TSE PRION COVER UP or JUST IGNORANCE, for the record AUGUST
2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/08/mad-cow-usda-tse-prion-cover-up-or-just.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/08/mad-cow-usda-tse-prion-cover-up-or-just.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
infamous august 4, 1997 BSE TSE prion mad cow feed ban, part of usda fda et
al TRIPLE MAD COW FIREWALL, 16 YEARS AFTER ;</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED
VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, September 25, 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations BSE TSE
PRION 2013 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/09/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/09/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SUMMARY REPORT CALIFORNIA ATYPICAL L-TYPE BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
CASE INVESTIGATION JULY 2012 CALIFORNIA</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Summary Report BSE 2012</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Executive Summary </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/summary-report-california-bovine.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/summary-report-california-bovine.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, August 4, 2012 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Final Feed Investigation Summary - California atypical L-type BSE Case -
July 2012 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/final-feed-investigation-summary.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, August 4, 2012 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Update from APHIS Regarding Release of the Final Report on the BSE
Epidemiological Investigation </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/update-from-aphis-regarding-release-of.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/update-from-aphis-regarding-release-of.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, October 18, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Institut Pasteur
Cooperating on animal disease and zoonosis research </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/10/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/10/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, August 12, 2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
MAD COW USDA TSE PRION COVER UP or JUST IGNORANCE, for the record AUGUST
2014 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/08/mad-cow-usda-tse-prion-cover-up-or-just.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/08/mad-cow-usda-tse-prion-cover-up-or-just.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
a walk back in time...</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
"The fact the Texas cow showed up fairly clearly implied the existence of
other undetected cases," Dr. Paul Brown, former medical director of the National
Institutes of Health's Laboratory for Central Nervous System Studies and an
expert on mad cow-like diseases, told United Press International. "The question
was, 'How many?' and we still can't answer that." Brown, who is preparing a
scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum
number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has
"absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the
agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
USDA officials finally retested the cow and confirmed it was infected seven
months later, but only at the insistence of the agency's inspector
general.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
"Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything they did before 2005
suspect," Brown said.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/12841142465253/">http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/12841142465253/</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, October 22, 2015 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk
mad cow disease USDA and what really happened </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, January 14, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** EMERGING ANIMAL DISEASES Actions Needed to Better Position USDA to
Address Future Risks Report to the Chairman, Committee on Energy and Commerce,
House of Representatives December 2015 GAO-16-132 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
GAO</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/01/emerging-animal-diseases-actions-needed_14.html">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/01/emerging-animal-diseases-actions-needed_14.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, February 02, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Illinois six out of 19 deer samples tested positive for CWD in the Oswego
zone of Kendall County </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/illinois-six-out-of-19-deer-samples.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/02/illinois-six-out-of-19-deer-samples.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
WISCONSIN CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION SPIRALING FURTHER INTO THE
ABYSS UPDATE </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/wisconsin-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, May 03, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and Elk Restoration
Project and Hunkering Down in the BSE Situation Room USDA 1998 ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, April 22, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
COLORADO CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING
PROGRAM IS MINIMAL AND LIMITED </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** SEE CWD HIGH INFECTION RATE MAPS FOR COLORADO ! ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
KANSAS CWD CASES ALARMING</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, March 02, 2016 Kansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion 52
cases 2015 updated report 'ALARMING' </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/kansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/kansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Wednesday, May 11, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
PENNSYLVANIA TWELVE MORE CASES OF CWD FOUND: STATE GEARS UP FOR ADDITIONAL
CONTROL MEASURES </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/pennsylvania-twelve-more-cases-of-cwd.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/pennsylvania-twelve-more-cases-of-cwd.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Friday, April 22, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Missouri MDC finds seven new cases of ChronicWasting Disease CWD during
past‐season testing</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/missouri-mdc-finds-seven-new-cases-of.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/04/missouri-mdc-finds-seven-new-cases-of.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, June 09, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Scrapie Field Trial Experiments Mission, Texas, The Moore Air Force Base
Scrapie TSE Prion Experiment 1964 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
How Did CWD Get Way Down In Medina County, Texas? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/scrapie-field-trial-experiments-mission.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, June 16, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Help fight this fatal disease CWD TSE PRION threat to Texas wild deer herd
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/06/help-fight-this-fatal-disease-cwd-tse.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/06/help-fight-this-fatal-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, May 28, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Infection and detection of PrPCWD in soil from CWD infected farm in Korea
Prion 2016 Tokyo </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/infection-and-detection-of-prpcwd-in.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/infection-and-detection-of-prpcwd-in.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, April 19, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards
Singeltary Comment Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/09676b86-bbc2-4c69-9032-c319f13a7ad0</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, June 07, 2016 Comparison of two US sheep scrapie isolates supports
identification as separate strains </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/comparison-of-two-us-sheep-scrapie.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/06/comparison-of-two-us-sheep-scrapie.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, May 09, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** A comparison of classical and H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy
associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism in wild type and EK211 cattle
following intracranial inoculation ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" style="href: "http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html";">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, April 23, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/04/scrapie-ws-01-prion-diseases-in-animals.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Monday, May 02, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions: An Update Prion 2016 Tokyo ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/zoonotic-potential-of-cwd-prions-update.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Saturday, April 16, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** APHIS [Docket No. APHIS-2016-0029] Secretary's Advisory Committee on
Animal Health; Meeting May 2, 2016, and June 16, 2016 Singeltary Submission
***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/04/aphis-docket-no-aphis-2016-0029.html">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2016/04/aphis-docket-no-aphis-2016-0029.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sunday, May 1, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research 25th Meeting of: The
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee June 1, 2015
Transcript ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2016/05/center-for-biologics-evaluation-and.html">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2016/05/center-for-biologics-evaluation-and.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Tuesday, May 31, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
*** Priority Interim Position Paper PROTECTING THE FOOD CHAIN FROM PRIONS
Perspectives ***</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/05/priority-interim-position-paper.html">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/05/priority-interim-position-paper.html</a></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Thursday, June 9, 2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Advisory Committee; Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory
Committee; Termination </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2016/06/advisory-committee-transmissible.html">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2016/06/advisory-committee-transmissible.html</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Sent: Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
TO: freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
FDA CJD BSE TSE Prion Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January
2001 Meeting Singeltary Submission</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2001 FDA CJD TSE Prion Singeltary Submission </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
15 November 1999 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
British Medical Journal </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us">http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
2 January 2000 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
British Medical Journal </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well">http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14,
2001 JAMA</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1
reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported
cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that
misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of
persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although
only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination
necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD
reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be
reportable nationwide and internationally.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
26 March 2003 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment
on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD.
Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the
129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is
indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD
and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be
made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not
continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are
sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA
in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does
transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral
inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission
studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be
asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the
agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and
Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and
surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many
sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc? </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.neurology.org/content/60/2/176/reply#neurology_el_535">http://www.neurology.org/content/60/2/176/reply#neurology_el_535</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Alzheimer-type brain pathology may be transmitted by grafts of dura mater
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
26/01/2016 </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://blog.smw.ch/alzheimer-type-brain-pathology-may-be-transmitted-by-grafts-of-dura-mater/#comment-89016">http://blog.smw.ch/alzheimer-type-brain-pathology-may-be-transmitted-by-grafts-of-dura-mater/#comment-89016</a>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 <a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a> </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0